Term
| Legumes cultivated for fruits (pods) |
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Definition
Phaeseolus vulgaris- common bean, black bean, kidney/pinto/green bean.
-Chinese longbean
-asparagus pea |
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Term
| Legumes cultivated as leafy veggies |
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Definition
-Mostly eaten in Asia/Africa
-Many legume leaves must be cooked to remove toxins
-Mung bean, fenugreek, peas, peanut, cowpea, clovers |
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Term
| Legumes cultivated for other Edible Products |
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Definition
Soybean (oil, tofu)
Carab (cooking, chocolate substitute)
Tamarind (sweet pulp)
Starchy tubers |
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Term
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Definition
Discarded plant materials around human civilization
Would include polyploidy events |
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Term
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Definition
Agriculture > foraging
Inevitable development of agriculture as we 'civilized' |
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Term
| Environmental Change Hypothesis |
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Definition
-Agriculture began at the end of ice age
-Eather warmed, allowed for people to plant
Ca 10-14000 y/a |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutual evolution effects between humans 'proto-domesticate' |
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Term
| Population pressure hypothesis |
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Definition
-a spike in population forced foragers to develope agriculture
-Competition for resources
-Assumes agriculture provides more food per area
-Why not? It is harder to farm than forage |
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Term
| Alphonse de Candolle (1806-1893) |
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Definition
-Swiss botanist
-First laws of Botanical Nomenclature
-Foremost Botanist of the 19th century
-Origin of cultivated plants |
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Term
| Types of data Candolle used to Compile 'Origins of Cultivated Plants' (1882) |
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Definition
1. Presence of wild relatives/native populations
2. Historical Info
3. Philogy (names/linguistics)
4. Archeology/Paleontology
5. Variation patterns in species
*He combined all of this* |
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Term
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Definition
Fungi in genus 'claviceps' grows on grains, produces alkaloids which cause ergotism when ingested.
Salem Witch Trials |
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Term
| Lesser grains/psuedocereals |
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Definition
Barley- Sea of Galilee ca 3500 BC
Sorghum- Africa, south of Sahara
Millet- pearl, foxtail, guinea
Fonio- Savannas of W. Africa
Teff- Northern Ethiopian Highlando
Oats- Avena sativa, from fertile crescent
Rye- Turkey. Poular bread cereal
Triticale- Hybrid of wheat/rye |
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Term
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Definition
Native to asia/africa. Tropical Wetland
Domesticated in China 10-8000 ya
2 main species- Oryza sativa, domest. 10,000 y/a in South Asia
Oryza glabberima, domest. W. Africa somewhere between 1500-800 BC
Azolla- Symbiant w/ rice, aquatic fern which fixes nitrogen |
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Term
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Definition
Native to Med. NW Africa, SE Europe, Iran
Annuals
Wheat
Mostly Carbs
Two main kinds:
-Common bread wheat, T. aestivum
-Durum pasta wheat, low gluten
Domesticated 9,000 YA |
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Term
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Definition
Native to Mexico/C. America
Teosinte is common name
People living in Mexico domesticated Maize
5-10,000 y.a.
5 accepted Species: Z. diplopennis, perennis, luxurians, nicaraguenis, mays |
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Term
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Definition
>50% caloric intake
distributed everywhere
hollow stems
leaf = sheath + blade |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fruit wall + seed coat (bran) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Starch storage/nutrition for embryo |
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Term
| Traits selected for Domestication |
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Definition
Lack of shattering
Non-dehiscent fruits
larger/more numberous fruits/seeds
flavors/colors
lack of toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
Agriculture arose indipendently in 3 areas
Near east/fertile crescent
N Chinese center
Mesoamerican Center |
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Term
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Definition
USDA, Uni Illinois
geneticist
Father was friend of Vavilov
Origins of agriculture centers and origins of plants not same. |
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Term
| Nicholas Ivanovitch Vavilov |
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Definition
Russian/Soviet Botanist
Foremost plant geographer
Massive seed bank (lysenko!)
Therories on origins of cultivated plants |
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Term
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Definition
| Modified berry from fertilized inferior ovary (leathery) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ovary of a flowering plant |
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Term
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Definition
Herbaceous vines, tropical unisexual flowers.
Cucumis- Old world, origin in India, Cucumber, bun ghenkin, horned melon.
Cucurbita- New world, cultivated 10,000 YA, Pumpkins and squash too.
Major Fruits- Watermelon, melon, casabana
Ornamentals- Gourds |
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Term
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Definition
Dark Green- Broc, Kale, greens. Vitamins (K,C,E,B) phytonutrients
Starchy- Cassava, corn, potatoes. Complex carbs, starchy, fiber, vitamins
Orange + Red- Tomatoes, Squash, etc.
Vitamins (A,C,E) Anthocyanim, betacarotene vitamin, Alpha precursors
Beans/Peas- High calorie, protein, fat
Other- Artichoke, celery, eggplant |
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Term
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Definition
| Edible plant or plant part, excluding dry grains and sweet fruits |
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Term
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Definition
Most highly cultivated in europe/asia
Used in alcohol, food, starch, biodegradable packaging and biofuel.
4th largest crop worldwide
Dom. 5000YA, Bolivia/peru.
Potato blight, caused by oomycete |
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Term
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Definition
Garlic/onion/shallots/fennel
Onion- Asian, introduced to egypt by 3200 BC |
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Term
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Definition
Yam- perrenial vines from Africa, asia, america, 11,000 YA
Potato
Jerusalem artichokes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Taro- cultivated in tropics worldwide (Probably indian)
Chinese Water Chestnut |
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Term
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Definition
cassava- Most important starch source for people in tropics
Ginger
Sweet Potato- Native to NW South America, Peru. |
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Term
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Definition
Bush potatoes
Black salisy
Carrots, Cultivated to the 10th-11th centuries
Radish, parsnip, turnip, rutabaga |
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Term
| Types of Modified Plant Stems |
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Definition
| Corm- Short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as storage organ (taro) |
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Term
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Definition
| Horizontal underground stem (Like ginger!) |
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Term
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Definition
| Plant structures modified to enlarge/store nutrients (Like a potato!) |
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Term
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Definition
| Short stem w/fleshy leaf bases (onions) |
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Term
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Definition
Taproot (Duh)
Tuberous root- Storage root, modified lateral root. |
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Term
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Definition
S. America
Forage, ornamental, soil conditioning
Domesticated is an allopolyploid
Dom. 3500YA
Runner types- Virginia: PEanut Butter, nuts in shell, Peruvian
Bunch types- Valencia/spanish. 45-55^ Oil content, second most important veg. oil |
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Term
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Definition
Maize, beans, squash
Foundation of Native American Agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
Rice, Soybeans, Wheat, Barley, Millet
Essential to Chinese Civilization |
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Term
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Definition
Soy
Native to China, domesticated 1100BC
Eaten in China>5,000 YA, used as rotator crop to add N to soil
Cultivated widespread ea 1930
Important in WWII as food, oil, and fertilizer |
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Term
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Definition
Old world pulses
Adzuki Bean, E. Asia
Black-eyed pea- Africa
Earth Pea (groundnut)- Africa
Fava Beans- Mediterranean
Dry peas, chick peas, pigeon, lentils, vetch, lupins |
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Term
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Definition
New world Pulse
Mexico to Argentina and eastern N America
Domesticated in both Ecuador/Peru and Mesoamerica (2400-4700 YA)
Kidney, Lima, Navy, Pinto beans |
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Term
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Definition
| Fruit which is dry at maturity, two halves on valves, usually from unicarpellate structure. Dehiscent (opens) or indehiscent (keeps shut). |
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Term
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Definition
From ancient greek poltos, porridge
Range is worldwide
Alternate leaves, fruit = legume, stipules, pulvinus
3 subfamilies; Faboideae, caesalpinoideae, Mimosoideae
N fixation through Rhizobium in root nodules
30-40% protein content |
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Term
| Evidence about origins of Agriculture |
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Definition
| Archeological, Phytolitns, Pollen grains, carbon material, Radiocarbon Dating (50,000 year ceiling), coprolites, wear patterns on ancient teeth, DNA synthesis. |
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Term
| Time Agriculture Originated |
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Definition
20,000 YA is outer edge.
Likely 5-10,000 YA in many distinct parts of the world.
By 2,000 YA humans dependent on Agriculture (Origin in Sub-Saharan, N. Africa, Middle East) |
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