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Ecology
Lecture 1
66
Biology
Undergraduate 4
01/24/2012

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Term
Oikos (Gr)
Definition
Household, home, a place to live.
Term
Ecology
Definition
Derived from same root word as economics = management of the house.
Term
Aristotle and Theophrastus
Definition
Both specifically described ecological relationships.
First to do so.
Term
Ernst Haeckel
Definition
Formaly defined ecology.
Term
The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of animals
Definition
Andrewartha
Term
The study of structure and function of nature
Definition
Odum
Term
Study of the adaption of organisms to their environment
Definition
Emlen
Term
Study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms.
Definition
Krebs
Term
Study of the patterns of nature and how those patterns came to be, and how they change in space and time.
Definition
Kingsland
Term
Study of the principles which govern temporal and spatial patterns for assemblages or organisms
Definition
Fenchel
Term
Study of the relationship between organisms and their physical and biological environments
Definition
Ehrich and Roughgaeden
Term
Key words in the definition of ecology (4)
Definition
Distribution
Space and time (niche)
Patterns
Relationships
Term
Biotic
Definition
Living
Term
Abiotic
Definition
Non living
Term
Niche
Definition
Species placed in space and time
Term
Why is it so difficult to define ecology? (4)
Definition
Type of environment
Time scale involved
Biotic scale
Resources
Term
Thomas Huxley
Definition
"Darwin's bulldog"
Term
Development of ecology (5)
Definition
Plant ecology
Animal ecology
Physiological ecology
Population ecology
Ecosystem ecology
Term
Plant ecology (3)
Definition
Modern impetus to ecology came from the plant geographers.
Certain similarities and differences demanded explanation.
Due to climate?
Term
Europe and plant ecology
Definition
Concentrated on describing plant community and developed quantitative methods of sampling vegetation.
Term
North America and plant ecology
Definition
Interested in how plant communities developed
Term
Plant succession
Definition
How plant communities develop.
Term
Carl Ludwig Willdenow
Definition
Early champion of climate explanation.
Ideas influenced other naturalists.
Term
Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt
Definition
5 year expedition thru tropical Spanish America (Mexico, Cuba, Venezuela, Peru, Amazon Rivers)
Culminated in 30 volume work.
Correlated vegetation tupes with environment characteristics, coined term association.
Term
Johannes Warming
Definition
3 years studying tropical vegetation in Brazil.
Publications emphasized importance of moisture, temperature, and soil in patterns of vegetation.
Term
Henry Chandler Cowles
Definition
Established plant succession as major theme of ecology.
Term
Frederick E. Clements
Definition
Major theorist of plant ecology in America.
Community as a superorganism.
Gave ecology a hierarchical framework.
Term
Animal ecology
Definition
Develops after plant ecology.
Beginnings traced to two Europeans- both strongly influenced development of animal ecology in US.
Term
Charles S. Elton
Definition
English ecologist.
Animal ecology.
Defined the concept of food chains.
Impact of introduced species on natural systems.
Animal behavior.
Early conservationist.
Term
Victor Ernest Shelford
Definition
Animal communities in temperate america.
Stressed interrelationship of plants and animals.
Ecology as a science of communities.
Term
Principles of Animal Ecology
Definition
Written by 5 second generation ecologists.
Emphasized feeding relationships.
Energy budgets.
Population dynamics.
Natural selection and evolution.
Term
Physiological Ecology
Definition
Respone(s) of individual organisms to abiotic factors (light, temperature, nutrients, etc. )
Term
Justus Leibig
Definition
Law of minimum
Term
F. F Blackman
Definition
Law of maximum
Term
V. E. Shelford
Definition
Law of tolerance
Term
Charles Darwin and the voyage of the Beagle
Definition
Collected numerous biological specimens
made detailed notes
mentally framed his view of line of Earth
Term
Charles Darwin's contributions to population ecology:
Definition
Observed the relationships between organisms and environment.
Attributed similarities, dissimilarities of organisms with continental land masses and among continents to geographical barriers separating the inhabitants.
Studying fossils, noted replacement plants and animals over time (evolution and succession).
Term
Who did Darwin's theories of Population ecology influence?
Definition
Thomas Malthus
Term
Who is Thomas Malthus?
Definition
Developed theory of evolution 10 years after Darwin and proposed to publish it before Darwin.
Term
What did Rev. Thomas Malthus do for a living?
Definition
English demographer, political economist
Term
What were Thomas Malthus views on population growth?
Definition
Pessimistic but highly influential
Term
What did Rev. Thomas Malthus propose about population?
Definition
Population tended to increase geometrically, food supply arithmetically - starvation of Great Britain was inevitable and imminent.
Term
Gregor Mendel
Definition
Inheritable characters
Term
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Definition
allelic frequencies and genotypic ratios will remain constant from generation to generation in sexually reproducing populations if four conditions of stability held true.
Term
Evolutionary Ecology
Definition
Concerned with the interactions of population dynamics, genetics, natural selection, and evolution
Term
Community Ecology
Definition
Concerned with the interactions among species
Term
Interactions among species
Definition
Competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism
Influences on species abundance and distribution
Physical and biological structure of communities, community dynamics, and succession
Term
Ecosystem Ecology
Definition
Concerned with observing the patterns of organisms in mature.
attempt to understand how patterns were formed and maintained.
Holistic approach.
Succession of communities.
Several classic studies using lakes.
Term
Long-Term Ecological Research
Definition
Many patterns and processes vary of very long time periods.
Long-term studies are uncommon.
Detecting changes in environment difficult without baseline data.
Needed to understand key ecological processes such as productivity and decomposition.
Standard data sets needed to compare various systems.
Term
What impedes in ecological investigations that could be used to support management decisions in Big Bend National and State Park?
Definition
Lack of data on the distribution and abundance of the majority of invertebrate groups
Term
Plant vs. Animal Ecology
Definition
For many years, the two paths rarely crossed
Bioecology by F.E. Clements and V.E. SHelford.
Term
Organismal vs. Individualistic
Definition
F.E. Clements and W.M. Wheeler advocated the community as a super organism.
1960s, it was argued that each community is unique.
Term
Holism vs. Reductionism
Definition
Holistic approach - studying the total behavior or attributes of a complex system
Reductionist approach - study each "part" of an ecosystem
Term
Applied Ecology
Definition
Fairly new field which began in the 1930s - gained visibility in 1970s due to extensive pollution, overpopulation concerns, degraded environments
Term
Who was associated with applied ecology?
Definition
Aldo Leopold and Rachel Carson
Term
What subcategories go under Applied Ecology?
Definition
Conservation biology
Restoration Ecology
Landscape Ecology
Term
Conservation Biology
Definition
Concerned with the maintenance of biological diversity
Term
What does conservation biology focus on?
Definition
Upon numerous fields of biology and ecology to solve the problems of protection and maintenance of biodiversity.
Term
What does conservation biology work with?
Definition
Fields such as forestry, wildlife and fishery management, resource economics, biogeography, population genetics, etc.
Term
Restoration Ecology
Definition
Concerned with the restoration and management of disturbed lands
Term
What are the goals of restoration ecology?
Definition
To return a particular habitat or ecosystem to predegraded conditions.
Goals include restoration for sustainable production and/or conservation.
Term
Projects for restoration ecology?
Definition
vary from a few to thousands of acres.
Term
Landscape Ecology
Definition
concerned with the spatial patterns in the landscape and how they develop
Term
What is the emphasis of landscape ecology?
Definition
the role of disturbance, including human impacts
Term
What is used in landscape ecology?
Definition
Forestry, wildlife management, ecosystem management, conservation biology.
Heavy use of GIS technologies (spatial info about landscapes)
Term
Early ecology was
Definition
largely observational and descriptive
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