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| A discrete collection of organisms (biotic factors) interacting with their nonliving environment (abiotic factors [such as rain, precipitation, sand, rocks]). |
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| A group of organisms living in the same environment capable of reproducing and producing fertile offspring naturally. |
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| An organism's immediate environment where it lives, gets food, and reproduces. |
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| A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in a discrete area. |
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| All the different individuals of different species living in a discrete area. |
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| Where an organism sits on the food chain. |
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Organism that gets food from recycling nutrients. e.g. Bacteria, fungi |
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Organisms that make their own food. e.g. Plants |
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Organisms that eat other things. e.g. Animals |
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| What are the three types of heterotrophs? |
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| Carnivores (meat), herbivores (plants), omnivores (meat & plants) |
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| Any organism that ingests other organisms (alive or dead) |
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| An organism that eats decaying organic matter. |
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A direct feeding relationship. Daisy-->Rabbit-->Fox-->Mountain Lion |
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| Interconnected food chains. |
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| How do ecologists sample population size and/or conduct population surveys? |
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- Random sampling - Transect line - Quadrat sampling - Aerial surveys & population counts - Mortality statistics - Population estimates |
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| What is biotic potential? |
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Definition
All factors that contribute to increase in population e.g. Birth, immigration |
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| What is environmental resistance? |
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Definition
Factors that contribute to decrease in population. e.g. Emmigration, death |
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| What are the three main factors that affect population size? |
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1. Birth rate (natality) 2. Death rate (mortality) [disease, overcrowding, paracites, lack of shelter, pollution] 3. Migration (immigration vs. emmigration) |
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| A rapid increase in population |
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| What are density dependent factors? |
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Definition
Factors which affect a population with respect to the numbers of individuals within that population. e.g. Disease, parasites (endo and ecto), food/resource availability, living space/habitat/nesting sites/number of available mates, stress, competition (intraspecific [same species], interspecific [between members of different species]) |
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| What are density independent factors? |
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Definition
Factors which control populations regardless of the number of individuals. e.g. Climate (drought & snow), human pressure, natural disasters, pollution |
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| What is the original source of energy? |
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Definition
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| How is energy lost to surroundings? |
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| Through metabolism, cellular respiration, death, materials not consumed, materials not assimilated, heat lost through muscular contractions |
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| How much of the energy is transfered to the next trophic level? |
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Definition
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| What is the unit of energy? |
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kJ.m-2.yr-1 (energy/per unit area/per unit time) |
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| What is another name for a producer? |
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| What are organisms that can't make their own food called? |
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| What is another name for a herbivore? |
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| What are algae and diatoms; producers or consumers? |
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| What are herbivores that eat only fruit called? |
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| Give examples of animals that are scavengers. |
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| What is responsible for recycling all of the waste products and dead organisms? |
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| Describe how energy is moved through a specific food chain. |
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Definition
Producer-->1st order-->2nd order-->etc. (90% energy lost) |
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| What percent of the energy obtained by a plant when it photosynthesizes is used by the plant? |
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| Will there be more organisms at the bottom of an energy pyramid or at the top? |
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| Why are energy pyramids seldom over four levels high? |
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| There is not enough energy left |
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| Relationship between two or more organisms which interact |
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Two organisms that interact and both organisms benefit e.g. Badgers & coyotes hunting rabbits |
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Two organisms living & interacting together in which only 1 organism benefits - but the other is not harmed. e.g. Remora (not cleaners) stick to shark and eat leftovers - sharks don't benefit |
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When one organism benefits at the cost to the other organism (host) e.g. Ticks, tapeworms |
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| What is the portion on a logistic growth curve in which the population grows rapidly called? |
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To understand organisms better, how they are related, how they have changed, how they have evolved, who/what they evolved from For scientists: understanding "the" organism under study - so we are speaking about the exact same organisms - universal language |
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| The Father of Taxonomy. He invented bionomial nomenclature (system of classification) which gives an organism 2 Latin names (e.g. Canis familiarus) |
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| What are the seven levels of classification? |
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Definition
- Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species |
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| What are the five kingdoms? |
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Definition
- Plantae - Animalia - Fungi - Protista - Monera |
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| What are characters of the kingdom plantae? |
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Definition
- Cell walls containing cellulose - Photosynthetic - Autotrophic - Chlorophyll |
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| What are characteristics of the kingdom animalia? |
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Definition
- No cell walls - Heterotrophic - Eukaryotic |
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| What are characteristics of the kingdom fungi? |
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Definition
- Cell walls with chiton - Saprophytic - Made up of fibers (hyphae) - Extracellular digcotions - Non-photosynthetic |
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| What are characteristics of the kingdom protista? |
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Definition
- Single-celled - Eukaryotic - Photosynthetic - Heterotrophic - Mobile (cilia, flagella) |
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| What are characteristics of the kingdom monera? |
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Definition
- Single-celled - Prokaryotic - Lack a nucleus - No membrane-bound organelles |
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| What are some phyla of the Animalia kingdom? |
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Definition
| Porifera (sponges), Cnidaria (corals, jellyfish), Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Annelida (segmented worms) |
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| What are important characteristics of the phylum Porifera? |
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Definition
- Multicellular - Sessile (immobile) - Asexual & sexual - Asymmetrical body plan - Have pores |
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| What are important characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria? |
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- Eukaryotic - Gastrovascular cavity - Alternation of generation - Radially symmetrical (can be split into 5 same pieces) |
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| What are some charactertistics of the phylum Platyhelminthes? |
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Definition
- Billaterally symmetrical - No organs besides gastrovascular cavity - Feeding tube - Diffusion for respiration |
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| What are some characteristics of the phylum Annelida? |
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Definition
- Segmented bodies - True organs & organ systems - Sexual reproduction - Many hermaphroditic |
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