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Details Title: Ecology Description: Exam 3 Pt 1 - Global Patterns of Biodiversity, Sun and Energy, Consumers and Trophic Levels, Strategies, Competition, Pop Growth, Mutualism Total Flash Cards: 52 Created: 04/21/2004 05:07:04	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Why do tropics have so many species? (6) Definition 1. Greater environmental complexity 2. Intermediate disturbance 3. Climate for more species 4. More plant species = More herbivores 5. Stability (no glaciers) 6. More tropical land Term disturbance Definition any event that alters a community Term Primary producers (2) Definition Autotrophs - make their own food Plants - Capture sun's energy Term Primary Productivity Definition Rate at which autotrophs convert inorganic into organic energy Term Gross primary productivity Definition Total amount of energy used to sustain including respiration Term Net primary productivity Definition total energy used to build the body of the plant Term Herbivores Definition Plant eaters Term Carnivores Definition Animal Eaters Term Detritovores Definition Eat dead material Term Omnivores Definition Eat a range of material Term Trophic Levels Definition Categories for species based on mode of nutrition Term Endotherm Definition warm blooded maintains temperature internally while outside changes Term Ectotherm Definition cold blooded allows body temperature to change with environment Term Grazing food chain Definition plant>herbivore>carnivore Term Biological Amplification Definition Concentration of a substance in the tissue of an organism increases as you move up the food web Term Resistance to DDT (insects) Definition Accumulation of DDT Evolution to detox DDT Term Plant Defenses (8) Definition 1. Thorns 2. Spines 3. Prickles 4. Predator Satiation 5. Mimicry 6. Unpalatable 7. Indigestible 8. Toxin Term Predator Satiation Definition Produce many seeds once and infrequently Term Mimicry Definition Plants evolve to look like something else Term Herbivores Strategies For Plants Definition 1. Feed around thorns 2. Bacterial to aid digestion 3. Neutralize toxins 4. Co-Evolution Term Prey Defensive Strategies (5) Definition 1. Active defense 2. Chemical Weaponry 3. Aposematic Coloration 4. Mimicry 5. Camouflage Term Aposematic Coloration Definition Warning coloration Term Baterian Mimicry Definition Defenseless Mimicry Resemble Harmful Model Term Muellerian Mimicry Definition Two harmful models to look like eachother Term Predator Attack Strategies Definition 1. Vision (Depth Perception) 2. Sharp teeth / Claws 3. Speed and Strength 4. Camouflage 5. Chemicals 6. Heat Sensing Organs Term Niche Definition Environmental Factors that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of a species Everything that influences a species Term 3 Types of Interactions Definition 1. Competition 2. Exploitation 3. Mutualism Term Competition Definition Interaction that is detrimental to both participants and occurs when a vital resource is scarce. Term Intraspecific competition Definition Competition within a species Term Interspecific competition Definition Competition between species. Occurs when there is overlap Term Principle of Competitive Exclusion Definition Species Cannot co-exist in a community if they have exactly the same niche. One will outcompete the other. To coexist species must have different niches. Term Resource partitioning Definition Sharing resources by using them in different ways, times, or areas. Term Fundamental Niche (4) Definition Everything that affects survival and reproduction. 1. Tolerance to physical conditions. 2. Types of resources used. 3. Position in food web. 4. Role in energy flow Term Realized niche Definition Portion of fundamental niche that species occupies Term Population Growth Factors (9) Definition 1. Resource Levels 2. Disease 3. Climate 4. Adaptations 5. Sex Ratios 6. Natural Disasters 7. Birth/Death Rates 8. Immigration/Emigration 9. Number started with Term Population Growth / Exponential Growth Definition Difference in number over time * does not include resources* Term G = (Logistic Equation) Definition Growth Term rm = (Logistic Equation) Definition Maximum per capita rate increase Term N = (Logistic Equation) Definition Number Started With Term K = (Logistic Equation) Definition Carrying Capacity Term Carrying Capacity Definition Average population size that an environment can support under a given set of conditions Term (K-N)/N = ? (Logistic Equation) Definition Resource limitation on population Term Density Dependent Controls (3) Definition Factors that INCREASE death rates and DECREASE birth rates and become worse as population density INCREASES 1. Competition 2. Predation 3. Disease Term Density Independent Controls (2) Definition Factors that INCREASE death rates and DECREASE birth rates and are INDEPENDENT of population density. Climate and Natural Disasters Term Exploitation (3) Definition Increases the fitness of one species and decreases the fitness of another. 1. Predation 2. Herbivory 3. Parasitism Term Parasitism Definition Gets food from other living things. Lives inside a host Term Brood Parasitism Definition Parasitic bird lays an egg in nest of another species, and that species raises young Term Theoretical curve Definition Numbers of Predators and Prey that interact with each other. Term Hare and Lynx Definition Hares affect own food supply, overeating of plants can cause own demise. Other predators can eat hares too, eagles and wolves. Term Mutualism Definition Interaction where both species benefit Term Mycorrihizae Example of Mutualism Definition Fungus (Hyphae) on root = Sugar from plant and Phosphor to plant. Term Ants on Genus Acacia Definition Ants protect plant from insects and herbivores. Acacia protects and feeds ants with hollow thorns and nectars.