______ flows through ecosystems, whereas ______ cycle.

the ocean

Define mineralization in the context of the nitrogen cycle.

Nitrosomas converts it into NO2. Nitrobacter converts it into NO3.

water in the atmosphere interacts with carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and sulphur dioxide and forms carbonic acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid.

CO₂ + NO + SO₂ + H₂0 --> H₂CO₃ + HNO₃ +H₂SO₄

Genotype

recombination- most important source of variation. Involves crossing over and independent assortment in meiosis.

Mutation- Usually deleterious. About 0.01% beneficial.

1. Stabilizing

2. Disruptive

3. Directional

sacrificial behavior. Give up fitness for population

Define adaptive radiation

1. uniform (pisaster)

2. random (fairly rare naturally)

3. clumped (more often)

Immigration- entering a population

Emigration- Leaving a population

Anadromous vs. Catadromous

Anadromous- ascent rivers to reproduce. ex. salmon.

Catadromous- descend rivers to reproduce. ex. american eel

Uniform is found with agricultural crops and with allelopathy (ex. creosote brush in desert).

Random is found where environmental conditions are constant.

Clumped can occur if environmental conditions are patchy, reproductive patterns favor clumping, or behavioral patterns favor clumping (ex. herons)

x=age class

l_x= # of individ. in cohort that live in age interval

d_x= # individ. in cohort that die in age interval

q_x= probablity of dying

e_x= life expectancy

Type 1= all individuals in population realize physiologically possible longevity. Low initial mortality; all die at once near end. Ex. starved fruit flies; humans.

Type 2= Mortality rate at all ages is constant. Ex. Hydra

Type 3= High initial mortality (young), but if live, have good chance of surviving for long time thereafter. Ex. oyster

It is theoretical. It assumes that all descendants survive to adulthood and reproduce. It is density-independent.

Equation I=(b-d)N

I= Projected rate of increase (different from "r")

b= birth rate (fecundity=actual # of ind.)

d= death rate

N= # of ind. at given time

(b-d)= r (Rate of incrase). Therefore I=rN

It is S-shaped. Equation is I=r[(K-N)/K] N

K= Carrying Capacity

3-4 year interval. ex. Lemmings/Arctic Wolf and Snowy Owl

9-10 year interverals. Ex. snowshoe hare/lynx

Define social behavior

eyes on moth wings; fighting, threats, postures; bioluminescene in fireflies

What are some advantages of auditory over visual sensory modes?

chemical signal releasers cause immediate behavioral response to chemicals. Give an example of what uses it, as well as when it is used.

1.) queen bee releases primer pheramone that attracts her "court" and prevents ovaries in other imm. females from developing

2.) Male mice urine contains pheramone that cuases overies in imm. females to develop more quickly

a chemical released by an emitter (that benefits) and which is detrimental to the receiver.

Ex. Bombadie beetles, sting in wasp

define kairomones

chemicals released that attracts recipient (which benefits). Ex. CO₂ emitted by humans attract mosquitos.

individual space- maintains individual space

territoriality- fixed, exclusive, and defended area (with some resource, ex. water)

dominance- partition space within a cooperative group

Give types of grouping behaviors

Define tropholaxis

Define Precocial. Define Altricial. Which one are mammals?

Precocial- Independent at birth- Down (feathers); eye open

Altricial- No down; eyes closed.

Trick question... Mammals are altricial and semi-precocial (seal is exception).

clutch size- # of eggs per brood.

Semelparous- One major reproductive effort per lifetime. (salmon, instects)

Iteroparous- Reproduction at several times per lifetime (ex. perennial plants)

If + = beneficial, - = harmful, and 0 = no effect, what is mutualism, commensalism, predation, parasitism, competition, and ammensalism. Give examples for mutualism, commensalism, and ammensalism.

Give factors that define niche.

Of Asterionella and Cyclotella, which does better at low P, and which does better at low Si?

Define predation

N₁=Prey density

N₂=Predator density

r₁=Prey intrinisc rate of increase w/out predation

P= Predation coefficient

P₂= Effectiveness of predator

d₂= density-independent mortality of predator

1.) Functional response- as prey increase in numbers, the predator can take more prey and take them sooner.

2.) Numerical response- predators increase in numbers through increased reproduction and immigration.

Type I- the number of prey eaten/predator increases linearly to a maximum as  the prey density increases

Type II- the number of prey eaten per predator increases at a decreasing rate toward a maximum value.

Type III- the number of prety eaten per predator is low at first and then increases in sigmoid fashion. Predator attacks prey that are most abundant and switches to new prey species when first prety species becomes less abundant. Predator can form a search image to help recognize and capture preferred prey.