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Ecology Terms
terms to know for ecology in IB SL Biology
39
Biology
11th Grade
02/22/2010

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Term
Species
Definition
- Group of ORGANISMS
- can INTERBREED and produce FERTILE young
Eg Homo Sapiens
Term
Population
Definition
-Group of ORGANISMS of the same SPECIES
- Living in the same AREA at the same TIME
Eg Sparrows in a garden
Term
Community
Definition
-Group of POPULATIONS
- Living and interacting in a HABITAT
eg Plants + Animals in a forest
Term
Ecosystem
Definition
-COMMUNITY + ABIOTIC environment
eg Plants + Animals + environment in rainforest
Term
Abiotic Factors
Definition
physical, non living
eg light, CO2 levels, wave action
Term
Biosphere
Definition
Total area where living things are found
Thin layer - surface of earth
Term
Biotic Factors
Definition
Living
eg food supply, parasites, predators, disease
Term
Environment
Definition
biotic + abiotic factors affecting organisms
Term
Habitat
Definition
environment where certain species are found, organisms live here
eg slaters in damp wood
Term
Structural Adaptations
Definition
(morphological) structures that allow organism to survive
eg wings, teeth, flowers
Term
Functional Adaptations
Definition
(physiological) PROCESSES that allow organism to survive
eg ability to photosynthesise, digest, produce nectar
Term
Behavioral Adaptations
Definition
Behaviors that organisms do to survive
eg mating, web spinning, nest building
Term
Interspecific Competition
Definition
Competition between species for something in short supply
eg snail and slugs competing for lettuce leaf
Term
Intraspecific Competition
Definition
Competition for something in short supply between members of the SAME species
eg snails competing for lettuce leaf
Term
Gause's Principle
Definition
When two species have the same ecological niche they cannot co-exist
Term
Prokaryotes
Definition
-Kingdom
- unicellular, have nuclei and membrane bound organelles, circular DNA
eg bacteria
Term
Protoctista
Definition
-Kingdom
-Unicellular (some multicellular), eukaryotic)have membrane bound organelles)
-auto or hetertrophic, live in water
eg amoeba
Term
Fungi
Definition
eukaryotic filamentous or unicellular
heterotrophic
cell walls made of chitin
eg yeasts, mushrooms
Term
Plantae
Definition
eukaryotic, multicellular, photosynthetic, autotrophic, cell walls of cellulose
eg mosses, ferns
Term
Animalia
Definition
Kingdom
eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, often motile
Term
Natality
Definition
(births per 1000 per year)
birth rate = births per year/total pop x1000
Term
Mortality
Definition
death rate (per 1000 per year)
deaths per year/total pop x1000
Term
Density
Definition
number of individuals of a population per UNIT AREA/ UNIT VOLUME
eg elephants per square km
bacteria per square mm of skin
Term
Age Structure
Definition
percentage of population in each age class
pre-reproductive, reproductive, post reproductive
Term
Distribution
Definition
way organisms are spread around an area
clumped (eg mussels on a rock)
random (rare)
regular (animals holding +marking territories)
Term
Sampling
Definition
used to estimate total size of population
enough samples must be taken
sample area must be random
Term
Quadrats
Definition
sample area
used for organisms that don't move much
quadrat size is important
Term
Transects
Definition
line marked across area
samples recorded at intervals
often combined with quadrats
Term
Mark and Recapture
Definition
estimates size of moving populations
no in 1st sample x no in 2nd sample/ no marked animals in 2nd sample
Term
Population Growth Curve
Definition
Factors:
Births + Immigration = Deaths + Emigration
Balance between REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL
and ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE
Term
Reproductive Potential
Definition
maximum offspring a species can have
Term
Environmental Resistance
Definition
Way an environment presses on a population
eg lack of food, water, space
Term
Carrying Capacity
Definition
Maximum number of individuals of species supported by environment
Term
Open Population
Definition
Organisms are free to move
Term
Close Population
Definition
Organisms confined to defined area
Term
Sigmoid Curve
Definition
S-shaped
Exponential Growth phase - numbers increase rapidly
Transitional Phase - environment changes suddenly and individuals begin to die
Plateau - number reaches carrying capacity and levels off
Term
Exponential Growth Curve
Definition
slow start
sudden burst of growth
eg human growth curve
Term
Closed Population Curve
Definition
food water and space limited and run out
toxic waste poisons population
sudden growth then crash
Term
Established Population Curve
Definition
Grows to carrying capacity
population fluctuates above and below carrying capacity
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