- knowledge that is universal and deductible

- obtained by testing a hypothesis

-realm of observable, measurable, and natural phenomenon

- controlled experiments

- observation study

- manipulative experiment

1) make observations and ask questions

2) Develop a hypothesis (explanation on trial)

3) Design an experiment(use if then logic)

4) Review and revise design

5) Conduct experiments

6) Report results (scientific paper/journal)

Increased nitrogen fixation - fertilizers, legumes

Fossil Fuels

Eutrophication - Nitrogen, Phosphorus, hypoxia (create dead zone w/ low 02), Anoxia (no dissolved o2)

Proteins

Carbs

Nucleotides

phospholipids

-Carbon from air to plants

-endothermic reaction, captures energy from the sun, stores energy for later use (turns it into sugar)

-Perform respiration

fossil fuels are formed from the remains of organisms dead millions of years

Humans are releasing this stored carbon very quickly

Global warming - concentration of co2 and year directly related as time goes on

 - insects get water from leafs they cut

- amphibians - part of life in water 

- Mammals need a constant intake of water

Light energy converted to heat energy at the grounds surfac

- heat energy fuels evaporation

- hot air rises, as it rises it cools and rains

- cool air hold less h2o than warm air (condensation)

- when air has more h2o than it can hold (precipitation)

weather - atmospheric conditions in a place at one moment in time

climate- average weather conditions in a place over a period of time

 - mechanical -energy of movement

- heat - flows from higher to lower temp

- chemical - energy stored in bonds between atoms within molecules (explosions)

 - radiant - wavelengths

 - electrical - energy that flows as charged particles

 - nuclear - atoms break apart, release energy

- kinetic - stored energy

- potential - energy in motion

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

battery (stored chemical energy)

- electrical energy

-heat energy

Organisms that perform photosynthesis

-

participants gather resources as quickly as possible

resources are abundant

competitor kills, overgrows, or inhibits comptitor

resources scarce

turtles - shells

porcupines - spikes

Batesian mimicry (cheaters)

One poisonous, one not

visual/behavioral

cuticle - waxy outer layer of leaf

Chemical - excludes most herbivores

Mechanical defenses - general defense (thorns) spines

ticks, lay eggs and develop in animals

blood - feeders, mosquitos, bats

organisms die of disease - pathogens

Species that have great effects on their ecosystem

(gray wolf) can also be a food source (fig tree)

N- population size

Nt - the size of a population at time t

^N = B-D

rate of population growth = ^N rN

sub class of species

selected by humans for desirable traits

plant/animal term

P generation - parental generation

F1 - offspring of P generation (kids)

F2 - offspring of f1 generation (grandkids)

P generation - Purple/white

F1 = 100% purple

F1 - both purple

F2 - 3:1 purple:white

diffs can be caused by environment

diffs can be caused by genetics

-diff alleles

- alleles are slightly diff forms of the same gene

the expression of a genotype

Genotype:  Phenotype:

PP       purple

Pw        purple

ww           white 

# of genotype individuals / total # of individuals 

always adds up to 1