Term
|
Definition
| lacking a membrane-bound nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have a unique compound called peptidoglycan in their cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have unique phospholipids in their plasma membranes- hydrocarbon tails of phospholipids contain isoprene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| names given to major lineages in each domain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of organisms that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease-causing (bacteria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. microbe must be present in individuals suffering from disease and absent from healthy individuals
2. organism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture away from host organism
3. if organisms from pure culture are injected into a healthy experimental animal, disease symptoms should appear
4. organism should be isolated from diseased experimental animal, again grown in pure culture, and demonstrated by its size, shape, and color to be same as original organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Koch) certain diseases are infectious, process responsible for this pattern is transmission and growth of certain bacteria and viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules that kill bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ex: using bacteria and archaea to clean up sites polluted with organic solvents |
|
|
Term
| bioremediation strategies |
|
Definition
fertilizing contaminated sites to encourage growth of existing bacteria and archaea that degrade toxic compounds
seeding specific species of bacteria and archaea to contaminated sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria and archaea that live in high-salt, high-temperature, low-temperature, or high-pressure habitats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
origin of life
extraterrestrial life
commercial applications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
based on establishing a specified set of growing conditions
cells that thrive under specified conditions increase in numbers enough to be isolated and studied in detail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a strategy for documenting presence of bacteria and archaea that cannot be grown in culture
based on identifying phylogenetic species
allows biologists to identify and characterize organisms that have never been seen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
salt-lovers
life in salt lakes, salt ponds, and salty soils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that produce hydrogen sulfide as a by-product of cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce methane as a by-product of cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grow best at temperatures above 80 degrees C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
plasma membrane surrounded by a cell wall with extensive peptidoglycan
stain violet
respond to treatment by penicillin-like drugs that disrupt peptidoglycan synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
plasma membrane surrounded by a cell wall with a thin gelatinous layer containing peptidoglycan and an outer phospholipid bilayer
stain pink
may be affected by erythromycin or other drugs that poison bacterial ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| three ways that bacteria and archaea produce ATP |
|
Definition
| using light energy, oxidizing organic molecules with high potential energy, oxidizing inorganic molecules with high potential energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
use light energy to promote lecterns to top of electron transport chains
ATP is produced by photophosphorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oxidize organic molecules with high potential energy, such as sugars
ATP may be produced by cellular respiration or via fermentation pathways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oxidize inorganic molecules with high potential energy, such as ammonia or methane
ATP is produced by cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that manufacture their own building-block compounds (ex: starting with carbon dioxide or methane) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms that acquire building-block organic compounds from other organisms |
|
|
Term
| bacteria and archaea summary |
|
Definition
basic chemistry required for photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation originated in these lineages
then, evolution of variations on each of these processes allowed prokaryotes to diversify into millions of species that occupy diverse habitats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a molecule with a high potential energy serves as an original electron donor and is oxidized, while a molecule with low potential energy serves as a final electron acceptor and is reduced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
strategy for making ATP that does not involve electron transport chains
no outside electron acceptor is used |
|
|
Term
| methods of photosynthesis for bacteria and archaea |
|
Definition
light activates bacteriorhodopsin which transports photons across a membrane and drives ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis
by absorbing geothermal radiation
pigments absorb light and give electrons high energy and energy as released to generate ATP as electrons lose energy in transport chains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| performed by species that use water as a source of electrons for photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
| anoxygenic photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| performed by species that live in habitats where oxygen is rare and use a molecule other than water as source of electrons (H2S, Fe2+) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
some bacteria fix CO2 using pathways other than Calvin cycle (3 known)
methanotrophs
some bacteria use carbon monoxide or methanol as a starting material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proteobacteria that use methane as carbon source
process methane into more complex organic compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virtually no free molecular oxygen existed for Earth's first 2.3 billion years, until cyanobacteria generated a high concentration of oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lineage of photosynthetic bacteria
first organisms to perform oxygenic photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
converting molecular nitrogen to ammonia
can only be done by certain bacteria and archaea- some cyanobacteria that live in surface waters in ocean or with water plants, also in plant nodules |
|
|
Term
| reasons for study of green algae |
|
Definition
closest living relative to land plants and form a monophyletic group with them
transition from aquatic to terrestrial life occurred when land plants evolved from green algae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all organisms an a particular area, along with physical components of environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enhancing of life-supporting attributes of atmosphere, surface water, soil, and other physical components of an ecosystem (by green algae and land plants) |
|
|
Term
| ways that green plants help environment |
|
Definition
produce oxygen
build and hold soil
hold water and moderate climate
serve as primary producers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take CO2 from atmosphere and reduce it to make sugars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide food supply, fuel, fibers, building materials, and medicines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selecting individuals with best qualities |
|
|
Term
| studying origin of green plants |
|
Definition
morphological traits
fossil record
phylogenetic trees (DNA) |
|
|
Term
| algae and plants similarities |
|
Definition
chloroplasts contain same pigments
similar arrangements of thylakoids
cell walls, sperm, and peroxisomes are similar
chloroplasts synthesize starch as a storage product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| internal, membrane-bound sacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelles in which specialized oxidation reactions take place |
|
|
Term
| algae most similar to plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-vascular plants
ex: mosses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized groups of cells that conduct water and nutrients from one part of plant body to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have vascular tissue but do not make seeds
ex: ferns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of an embryo and a store of nutritive tissue, surrounded by a tough protective layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| watertight barrier that coats plants and helps them resist drying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| watertight material that encases pose and pollen and helps them resist drying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spore-producing structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1
first evidence of land plants: cuticle, spores, sporangia |
|
|
Term
| Silurian-Devonian explosion |
|
Definition
2
most major morphological innovations: stomata, vascular tissue, roots, leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3
lycophytes and horsetails abundant
extensive coal-forming swamps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4
both wet and dry environments blanketed with green plants for first time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5
diversification of flowering plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
Pinophyta
other cone-bearing species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| green algae, non-vascular plants, seedless vascular plants, seed plants |
|
|
Term
| green plants are monophyletic |
|
Definition
| single common ancestor gave rise to all of green algae and land plants |
|
|
Term
| initial splitting events on tree, near root, lead to lineages of green algae |
|
Definition
| land plants evolved from green algae |
|
|
Term
| green algae are paraphyletic |
|
Definition
| green algae include some but not all of descendants of a common ancestor |
|
|
Term
| charophyceae are closest living relative to plants |
|
Definition
| land plants evolved from a multicellular green alga that lived in freshwater habitats |
|
|
Term
| land plants are monophyletic |
|
Definition
| there was only one transition from freshwater environments to land |
|
|
Term
| bryophytes are earliest-branching groups among land plants |
|
Definition
| non-vascular plants are most ancient living group of plants |
|
|
Term
| non-vascular plants form a grade (sequence of lineages) |
|
Definition
| non-vascular plants are paraphyletic |
|
|
Term
| seedless vascular plants form a grade, but vascular plants as a whole are monophyletic |
|
Definition
| vascular tissue evolved once |
|
|
Term
| seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) are monophyletic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gymnosperms are a monophyletic group, as are angiosperms |
|
Definition
| among seed plants, there was a major divergence in how seeds develop |
|
|
Term
| advantages of land over water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of an opening surrounded by specialized guard cells (pore)
present in all land plants except liverworts (pores with no guard cells) |
|
|
Term
| issues for a plant growing upright |
|
Definition
transporting water from tissues that are in contact with wet soil to tissues that are in contact with dry air against force of gravity
becoming rigid enough to avoid falling over in response to gravity and wind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
complex polymer built from six carbon rings
effective in resisting gravity
presence is considered defining feature of vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, thin, tapering cells that have a thickened, lignin-containing secondary cell wall in addition to a cellulose-based primary cell wall and pits in sides of cell where secondary cell wall is absent, where water can flow efficiently from one tracheid to next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shorter and wider than tracheids
efficient at moving water
have gaps in upper and lower ends where primary and secondary cell wall are missing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extremely strong support material made up of tracheids and sometimes vessel elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water-conducting cells evolved independently in mosses and in vascular plants
vessels evolved independently in gnetophytes and angiosperms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gametes were produced in complex, multicellular structures
embryo was retained on parent plant and was nourished by it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
specialized reproductive organs
important in protecting gametes from drying and from mechanical damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm-producing structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants that retain fertilized egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized embryo cells that make physical contact with parental cells and facilitate transfer of nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multicellular haploid stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multicellular diploid stage |
|
|
Term
| alternation of generations cycle |
|
Definition
sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, spores are haploid
spores divide by mitosis and develop into a haploid gametophyte
gametophytes produce gametes by mitosis, both gametophyte and gametes are haploid
two gametes unite during fertilization of form a diploid zygote
zygote divides by mitosis and develops into a multicellular, diploid sporophyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
zygotes and spores are both single cells that divide by mitosis to form a multicellular individual
zygotes result from fusion of two cells (sperm and egg), but spores are not formed by fusion of two cells
zygotes produce sporophytes, spores produce gametophytes
spores are produced in sporangia, gametes are produced in gametangia |
|
|
Term
| gametophyte-dominant vs. sporophyte dominant |
|
Definition
non-vascular plants- sporophyte is small and short lived and largely dependent on gametophyte for nutrition
vascular plants- sporophyte is much larger and longer lived than gametophyte |
|
|
Term
| sporophyte-dominant advantages |
|
Definition
| diploid cells can respond to varying environmental conditions more efficiently than haploid cells can- particularly if individual is heterozygous at many genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| production of two distinct types of spore-producing structures and thus two distinct types of spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all non-vascular plants and most of seedless vascular plants
produce a single type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte which produces both effs and sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in heterosporous species
spore-producing species that produce microspores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop into male gametophytes, which produce small gametes called sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in heterosporous species
spore-producing structures that produce megaspores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop into female gametophytes, which produce large gametes called eggs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tiny male gametophyte that is surrounded by a tough coat of sporopollenin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure that includes an embryo and a food supply surrounded by a tough coat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
includes an anthem where microsporangia develop
meiosis occurs inside microsporangia, forming microspores
microspores then divide by mitosis to form pollen grains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains a protective structure called an ovary where ovules are found |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in angiosperms, one sperm fuses with egg to develop a zygote, while a second sperm fuses with two nuclei in female gametophyte to form a triploid (3n) nutritive tissue called endosperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of pollen from one individual's stamen to another individual's carpel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food for pollinators in form of (protein-rich pollen or) sugar-rich fluid |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of a flower |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure that is derived from ovary and encloses one or more seeds |
|
|
Term
| flower and fruit evolution |
|
Definition
| evolution of flowers made efficient pollination possible, evolution of fruits made efficient seed dispersal possible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when a single lineages produces a large number of descendant species that are adapted to a wide variety of habitats |
|
|
Term
| diversification of angiosperms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grasses, orchids, palms, and lilies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| roses, buttercups, daisies, oaks, and maples |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first leaf that is formed in an embryonic plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monophyletic
one cotyledon
vascular tissue scattered throughout stem
parallel veins in leaves (bundles of vascular tissue)
petals in multiples of 3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
paraphyletic
two cotyledons
vascular tissue in circular arrangement in stem
branching veins in leaves
petals in multiples of 4 or 5 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lineage that includes roses, daisies, and maples |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stable associations between green algae and fungi or between cyanobacteria and fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anchor bryophytes to soil, rocks, or tree bark |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| belowground portion that anchors plant and takes in water and nutrients from soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aboveground portion that harvests light and carbon dioxide from atmosphere to produce sugars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller roots that run more or less horizontally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in structure of an individual over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seed plants that lack woody tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous roots and taproots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develop from shoot system instead of root system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pneumatophores of mangroves grow upward and oxygen diffuses into them
contractile roots (Ficus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vertical aboveground structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where leaves are attached |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| appendage that projects from a stem laterally, usually functions as a photosynthetic organ |
|
|
Term
| axillary (or lateral) buds |
|
Definition
| nodes where leaves attach to stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral extension of shoot system that forms from an axillary bud |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tip of each stem and branch where growth occurs that extends length of stem or branch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adding more parts rather than increasing size of each part |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified leaves serving as protective structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified stems that grow over soil surface, producing adventitious roots and leaves at each node, function in asexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stems that grow horizontally below ground, produce new plants at nodes and participate in asexual reproduction, store starch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| underground, swollen ends of rhizomes that function as carbohydrate-storage organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| modified stems that help protect plant from attack by large herbivores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| evaporative process in which leaves lose water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cactus spines
onion bulbs
succulents (aloe vera)
red leaves of poinsettias
tube-like leaves of pitcher plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| populations of undifferentiated cells that retain ability to undergo mitosis and produce new cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located at tip of each root and shoot
cells divide, enlarge, and differentiate for root and shoot tips to extend plant body outward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increasing in length of root and shoot systems |
|
|
Term
| cells that come from apical meristem |
|
Definition
| protoderm, ground meristem, pro cambium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of cells that functions as a unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gives rise to dermal tissue system (epidermis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single layer of cells that covers plant body and protects it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gives rise to ground tissue system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes up bulk of plant body and is responsible for photosynthesis and carbohydrate storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gives rise to vascular tissue system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides support and transports water, nutrients, and photosynthetic products between root system and shoot system, runs through ground tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of cells that protects root apical meristem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slimy, polysaccharide-rich substance secreted by root cap cells that helps lubricate root tip, reducing friction and making movement more efficient |
|
|
Term
| zone of cellular division |
|
Definition
| contains apical meristem, where cells are actively dividing, along with protoderm, ground meristem, and procambrium, where additional cell division occurs |
|
|
Term
| zone of cellular elongation |
|
Definition
| made up of cells that are recently derived from primary meristematic tissues and actively increasing in length |
|
|
Term
| zone of cellular maturation |
|
Definition
| where older cells complete their differentiation into dermal, vascular, and ground tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outgrowths produced by epidermal cells in zone of cellular maturation which greatly increase surface area of dermal tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of vascular tissue which form strains running length of stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ground tissue inside vascular bundles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ground tissue inside vascular bundles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellulose-rich structure that supports cell and defines its shape in all plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of cytoplasm and segments of smooth ER that run through tiny, membrane-lined gaps in cell wall to connect cytoplasm of adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain an aqueous solution called cell sap and store wastes and digest wastes in some cases, may also contain pigments that provide color or poisons that deter herbivores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interface between individual and external environment, protects plant body from water loss, disease-causing agents, and herbivores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protective, hairlike appendages made up of specialized epidermal cells found in shoot system, may keep leaf cool by reflecting sunlight, reduce water loss by forming a dense mat that limits transpiration, provide parts or store toxic compounds that thwart herbivores, or trap and digest insects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parenchyma, collenchyma, and schlerenchyma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have relatively thin cell walls and are most abundant and versatile plant cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retaining capacity to divide and develop into a complete, mature plant (parenchyma cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mass of undifferentiated cells from which roots can develop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have primary cell walls that are thicker in some areas than others, and their overall shape is longer and thinner than parenchyma cells, abundant in growing stems and in stalk portions of leaves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce a thick secondary cell wall containing lignin in addition to relatively thin primary cell wall found in all cells, usually dead at maturity (no cytoplasm) |
|
|
Term
| two types of schlerenchyma in ground tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extremely elongated, important in manufacture of paper, hemp, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively short, have variable shapes, and often function in protection, compose tough coats of seeds and shells of nuts |
|
|
Term
| two components of vascular system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducts water and dissolved ions in one direction- from root system to shoot system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducts sugar, amino acids, chemical signals, and other substances in two directions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tracheids and vessel elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water-conducting cells, long and slender with tapered ends, have pits on sides and ends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducting cells that are shorter and wider than tracheids, have perforations, and conduct water more efficiently than tracheids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gaps in secondary cell wall where only primary cell wall is present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| openings that lack both primary and secondary cell walls |
|
|
Term
| two types of parenchyma cells in phloem |
|
Definition
| sieve-tube members ad companion cells- are alive at maturity, lack lignified secondary cell walls, and arise from division of a common precursor cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long, thin cells that have perforated ends called sieve plates, responsible for transporting sugars and other nutrients, lack nuclei and most other major organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not conducting cells, but instead provide materials to maintain cytoplasm and plasma membranes of sieve-tube members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases width of plant body, increases amount of conducting tissue available and provides structural support required for extensive primary growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secondary meristem or lateral meristem
forms a cylinder that runs length of a food or stem
cells divide in a way that increases width |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ring of meristematic cells that is located between secondary xylem and phloem inside stem, produces cells to outside and inside, produces both secondary phloem and xylem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second ring of meristematic cells located near perimeter of stem, produces cells to outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
functions in sugar transport
forms bark in combination with cork cambium tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functions in water transport and structural support, forming wood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parenchyma cells radiating laterally across xylem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made up of cork cells, phelloderm, and cork cambium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, spongy segments of bark through which gas exchange occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| darker-colored, inner xylem region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lighter-colored, outer xylem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs during winter in cold climates and during dry season in tropical habitats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monophyletic group of eukaryotes
multicellular
no cell walls, but extensive ec matrix
heterotrophs
most ingest food |
|
|
Term
| all animals other than sponges have |
|
Definition
neurons- nerve cells
muscle cells that change shape of body by contracting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between 10 and 50 million species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approximately 30 major lineages |
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Term
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Definition
origin and elaboration of tissues, especially embryo tissues
origin and elaboration of nervous system with subsequent evolution of a cephalized body
evolution of a fluid-filled body cavity
variation in events of early embryonic development |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of tightly-joined cells that covers surface (even present in some sponges) |
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Term
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Definition
| animals whose embryo has two types of tissue (ectoderm and endoderm) |
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Term
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Definition
| animals whose embryo has three types of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| gives rise to skin and nervous system in tripoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
| gives rise to lining of digestive tract in tripoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
| gives rise to circulatory system, muscle, and internal structures such as bone and most organs in tripoblasts |
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Term
| covering and digestive tract |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most Cnidaria and Ctenophora |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| nerve cells are organized in a diffuse arrangement (in cnidarians and ctenophores) |
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Term
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Definition
| cnidarians and ctenophores, along with many sponges |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution of a head- large mass of neurons is brain |
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Term
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Definition
| enclosed, fluid-filled cavity that creates a container for circulation of oxygen and nutrients, along with space where internal organs can move independently of each other |
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Term
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Definition
| enclosed, fluid-filled chamber that allows soft-bodied animals to move effectively even if they do not have fins or limbs (coelom) |
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Term
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Definition
(subgroup of bilaterians)
mouth develops before anus
blocks of mesoderm hollow out to form coelom |
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Term
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Definition
(subgroup of bilaterians)
anus develops before mouth
pockets of mesoderm pinch off to form coelom |
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Term
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Definition
| group of protists that are closest living relatives of animals |
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Term
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Definition
adults live permanently attached to a substrate
(sponges and choanoflagellates) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(subgroup of protostomes)
grow by shedding their external skeletons or outer coverings and expanding their bodies |
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Term
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Definition
(subgroup of protostomes)
grow continuously when conditions are good |
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Term
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Definition
| monophyletic lineage within Chordata that is defined by presence of a skull |
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Term
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Definition
all animals that are not vertebrates
paraphyletic |
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Term
| variation in sensory abilities |
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Definition
magnetism
electric fields
barometric pressure |
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Term
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Definition
(filter feeders)
capture food by filtering out or concentrating particles floating in water or drifting through air |
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Term
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Definition
| ingest organic material that has been deposited within a substrate or on its surface |
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Term
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Definition
| suck or mop up liquids like nectar, plant sap, blood, or fruit juice |
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Term
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Definition
| take chunks of food into their mouths |
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Term
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Definition
| feeding structure on snails that functions in scraping |
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Term
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Definition
| feed on dead organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
| live inside their hosts and usually have simple, wormlike bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| live outside their hosts and usually have limbs or mouthparts that allow them to grasp host and mouthparts that allow them to pierce host's skin and suck nutrient-rich fluids inside |
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Term
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Definition
| put forth hypothesis that all animal appendages are homologous |
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Term
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Definition
| mammals and other species that nourish embryos inside body and give birth to live young |
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Term
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Definition
| species that deposit fertilized eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| species that are retained in female, but are nourished by yolk inside egg |
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Term
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Definition
| change from an immature body type to an adult body type |
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