Term
| What is the name of my instructor? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name of functiona unit of mucle? |
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Definition
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Term
| name the thin and thick filaments in muscle fibers. |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name of darker area within the sarcomere that contains mostly thick filaments and overlaping thin filament? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name of small connecting between the cells that act like cement? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the small channels between cells that facilitate the rapid spread of the action potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the invagination infoldings of the sarcolemma? |
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Definition
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Term
| name the three ions that play a key role in action potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| which ion rushes into the myocyte first? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the phase where another stimulus can still cause another ventricular contraction? |
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Definition
| Relative refractory period |
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Term
| what is the main pacemaker of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the job of Bachman's bundle? |
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Definition
| carrie the signal from the SA node throughout the atria. |
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Term
| what is inside cell voltage when Na first rushes into the myocyte? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the fibrous skeleton of the heart which prohibits the action potential from spreading through the atria directly to the ventricles? |
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Definition
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Term
| when the SA and AV nodes fail to provide pacing for the heart, which fibers act as a main pacemaker of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the order of opening and closing of the valves that makes the first heart sound? |
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Definition
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Term
| K flows out of the cell and the cardiac muscle begins to relax during what phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many nuclei does a cardiac muscle contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of blood ejects from each ventricle with each systolic heart beat is called.... |
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Definition
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Term
| During which cardiac cycle the atria act as a reservoir? |
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Definition
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Term
| during which cardiac cycle atria act as a conduit? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the normal heart rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 proteins that make the actin filaments? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the myocardial cell act as a storage house? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a blood clot within the pulmonary system |
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Term
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Definition
Three risk factors for thrombus formation:
Stasis, Endolethial Injury, Hypercoagulability |
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Term
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Definition
| what will happen if there is a >50% decrease blood flow through the pulmonary system? |
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Term
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Definition
| which of these is NOT a sign/symptom of pulmonary embolism: dyspnea, tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, hypotension |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the most common cause of pulmonary embolism? |
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Term
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Definition
| regional RV dysfunction showing a hyperkinetic apex with severely hypokinetic mid and basal walls |
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Term
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Definition
which of these is NOT a 2D finding for pulmonary embolism:
possible RAE, RVH, "D" sign, visualization of thrombus in RA, "Flying W" on A wave, paradoxical septal bounce |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the most common cause of systemic hypertension? |
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Term
| False. If either # is higher, patient has HTN. |
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Definition
| True or False: for a patient to be diagnosed with HTN, both the systolic BP must be >140 mmHg and the diastolic BP must be >90 mmHg. |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: LVH >1.3 cm is a typical 2D finding for HTN |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| fatigue, dyspnea, syncope, cyanosis, hemoptysis |
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Definition
| Name three signs/symptoms of PHTN |
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Term
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Definition
| Which side of the heart are the effects of PHTN primarily seen on? |
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Term
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Definition
| signature sign for PHTN on 2D |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: decreased or absent "A"wave on PV M-Mode is also known as "Flying W"? |
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Term
| stenosis, regurgitation, or infection |
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Definition
| What are the 3 reasons why a native valve would be replaced? |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces orifice size and is considered a man-made stenosis |
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Term
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Definition
| lists all the information pertaining to a patient's valve replacement including its size |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: paravalvular leaks are seen around the valve perimeter? |
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Term
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Definition
| names for tissue/animal prosthetic valves |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the main mechanism of failure for tissue valves? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which are more likely to become infected with endocarditis: tissue or mechanical valves? |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: mechanical valve motion is best assessed by M-Mode to record maximum disk motion? |
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Term
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Definition
| The best tool to assess a prosthetic valve |
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Term
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Definition
| What tissue valves appear most similar to native valves? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the most common failure of a Homograft Valve? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the name of the process where a patient's own PV is used to replace his/her diseased aortic valve? |
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Term
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Definition
| An animal tissue valve that is treated with gluteraldehyde which helps them last longer |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: a bovine valve is more likely to have the problem of size mismatch? |
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Term
treated with gluteraldehyde
can be used in mitral, aortic, and tricuspid positions
low thrombogenicity
do not normally leak
durable- last 10 to 15 years |
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Definition
| Name at least 3 characteristics of Porcine Valves |
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Term
Advantage: unlimited range of sizes
Disadvantage: don't last as long as Porcine Valves |
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Definition
| What is the main advantage and main disadvantage of Bovine Pericardial Valves? |
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Term
| valvular regurgitation or stenosis |
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Definition
| What is the most common method of failure of Bovine Valves? |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: mechanical valves are more appropriate than tissue valves for a young women who don't plan on pregnancy. |
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Term
more durable than tissue valves
resistant to infection but prone to abcess
can develop Pannus
have small amount of regurge unique to each type
have increased incidence of thrombogenicity
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Definition
| Name at least 3 characteristics of mechanical prosthetic valves? |
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Term
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Definition
| a mechanical valve that has two "U" shaped struts that form a cage around a silastic ball occluder. |
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Term
| ball would swell and freeze in the open(usually) or closed position. |
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Definition
| What is the most common method of failure for the Ball-in-Cage Valve? |
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Term
| Single Disk Tilting Disk Valve |
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Definition
| What mechanical valve was designed to mimic the natural patterns of blood flow? |
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Term
| the struts would tend to fracture due to fatigue |
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Definition
| What is the main problem with the Single Tilting Disk Valve? |
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Term
60 degree
70 times/minute |
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Definition
| The Single Tilting Disk valve opens at a _________angle and closes shut completely at a rate of ________. |
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Term
| Bi-Leaflet Tilting Disk Valve |
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Definition
| mechanical valve consisting of two semi-circular leaflets that pivot on hinges. |
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Term
| Bi-Leaflet Tilting Disk Valve |
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Definition
| prosthetic valve that provides the closest approximation to central flow achieved in a natural heart valve. |
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Term
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Definition
| True or False: as of yet, there is no known failure associated with the bi-leaflet tilting disk valve? |
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Term
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Definition
| The Bi-Leaflet Tilting Disk Valve leaflets swing open _____, ______ to the direction of blood flow. |
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