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| A dispute between China and Britain about the distribution of Opium in China in 1839 -1842. Opium was grown in India and sold in China. It showed that Qing military technology was obsolete. |
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| From 1850 to 1864, An unorthodox religious sect rose up and captured several major cities such as Nanjing (Nanking). The group was torn apart through inner strife. The Qing's control over China was irreparably destroyed. |
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| Most Favored Nation Status |
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| In 1842, the treaty that ended the Opium war contained a clause that whenever one nation extracted a new privilege from China, that privilege was automatically given to Britain. |
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| After 1860 a distinct treaty port culture evolved. When missionaries or thier converts were attacked or killed, gunboats were often sent by the British to threaten retaliation. This shows the military power Britain had in the treaty ports. |
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| From 1861 to the Sino-Japanese War in 1895, This movement changed several military aspects of China including how officers were chosen and training of officers in foreign affairs. Docks and Schools were established. By 1880, China had embassies in many countries. |
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| became the de facto ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China for 48 years from 1861 to her death in 1908. She was skilled politically and she helped modernize China. |
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| The 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, which settled the Opium War, was concluded at gunpoint and provided benefits for Britain and not for China, making it "unequal". These treaties kept China under Western power. |
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| Between 1898 and 1901, there were people known as "Boxers" who sought to drive out foreigners from China. Empress Cixi did little to stop them. Due to this, China had to accept a long list of penalties and further weakened the Qing's power. |
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| A hereditary military force, they began to fall behind in rising western powers in the 18th century, and were to ultimately become highly ineffective in modern warfare by the second half of the 19th century. The later banners proved unable to defeat Western powers, such as Britain, in the Opium Wars and were also seriously challenged by the Taiping Rebellion. |
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| A scholar that lived from early to mid 19th century. He wrote a series of essays presenting a case for wide-ranging reforms. He was a proponent of the Self Strengthening movement. |
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| By the mid-19th century, France was eyeing Indochina as the best target for expansion, given Britain's strength in India. This brought France into conflict with the Qing. |
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| In the mid-19th century, Americans signed a treaty with China that gave US the right to protect American nationals from the Chinese Judicial system. With the exception of opium traders, American were judged with American laws. |
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| In 1792, Britain sent Lord George Mccartney to China in order to facilitate trade. China refused. From the books written about the trip, Europeans began to see more of the complexity of China. |
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| Commodore Mathew C. Perry |
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| In 1852, Perry sailed 4 ships into Edo bay and openly threatened the Japanese into signing a treaty with the US. 2 Years later he returned and signed an Unequal Treaty, giving US many advantages. |
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| From 1868 to 1900, Japan underwent a time of transformation from a decentralized agrarian regime to a centralized industrial nation. Transformed Japan into a "western" state. |
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| The Council of State was the highest deliberative body in Japan during the Meiji restoration. Domestic reform preceded military affairs. |
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| During 1894-1895, the sino-Japanese was a war fought between Qing Dynasty China and Meiji Japan, primarily over the control of Korea. It served to show how the Qing Dynasty had been weakened (both physically and in prestige) in the previous century (especially by the Opium Wars) and to demonstrate that modernization had been successful in Japan since the Meiji Restoration as compared with the Self-Strengthening Movement in China. |
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| A combination of Confucian ethics with Buddhist faith, Taoism and Shamanism. In the 1860s it became popular due to the social unrest. |
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| The Kangwha Treaty of 1876 was an unequal treaty with Japan. It gave Japan trade ports and extraterritoriality. This opened the way for foreign interference. |
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| A Korean Queen (1851-1895) who manipulated politics at court. After Japan's victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, Queen Min advocated stronger ties between Korea and Russia in an attempt to block Japanese influence in Korea. |
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| Kapsin Coup was a failed 3-day coup d'état which started on 4 December 1884 in the late Joseon Dynasty of Korea. Later, the Japanese government demanded an apology and reparations from the Korean government over the incident. |
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| The largest rebellion in Korean history by the Tonghak religious group. They wanted religious freedom. They launched an insurrection in 1894, fueled by xenophobia of foreigners and Christianity. |
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| In 1949, When the victory of the communist party in the civil war seemed imminent Chiang Kaishek and large parts of the nationalist government and army, evacuated to the island of Taiwan, less than 100 miles of the coast of Fujian province. |
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| During the early 20th century , Zaibatsu is a Japanese term referring to industrial and financial business conglomerates in the Empire of Japan, whose influence and size allowed for control over significant parts of the Japanese economy from the Meiji period until the end of the World War II. |
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| Burakumin are descendants of outcast communities of the feudal era, which mainly comprised those with occupations considered "tainted" with death or ritual impurity (such as executioners, undertakers or tanners). They were legally liberated in 1871 with the abolition of the feudal caste system in the Meiji Restoration. |
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| The Ainu are an indigenous caucasian-like ethnic group of Japan. The turning point for Ainu culture was the beginning of the Meiji Restoration in 1868. It was then that a variety of social, political and economic reforms were introduced by the Japanese government in the hopes of modernising the country in the Western style, and resulted in the annexation of Hokkaido. |
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| (1852 – 1919)Ruler of Korea during the Sino-Japanese war. He was forced to sign the Kangwha Treaty. Began the Empire of Korea. |
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| In 1905 with Russia hoping to find a warm water port, Japan feared Russian influence over Korea and much of Manchuria. The Japanese ultimately won, to the surprise of the Western powers. |
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| He was the first president of South Korea. His presidency, from August 1948 to April 1960, remains controversial, affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean peninsula and elsewhere. He led South Korea through the Korean War. |
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| a pseudonym for Chang Chirak. (1905 - ?) One of many Korean patriots to fight against Japanese Imperialism. Joined the Chinese Communist Movement. |
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| A group of Korean women, after the 1940's, who were forced to sexually service Japanese soldiers on the front lines during WWII. Only the end of the war served to end their slavery. |
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| (1866 – 1925) He was a Chinese revolutionary and political leader. Sun played an instrumental role in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty.Sun Yat-sen remains unique among twentieth-century Chinese leaders for having a high reputation both in mainland China and in Taiwan. |
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| Three People's Principles |
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| It is a political philosophy developed by Sun Yat-sen as part of a philosophy to make China a free, prosperous, and powerful nation. It became popular in the early 20th century and continues to be today. |
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| The 1911 Revolution was motivated by anger at corruption in the Qing government, by frustration with the government's inability to restrain the interventions of foreign powers, and by majority Han Chinese resentment toward a government dominated by an ethnic minority (the Manchus). The revolution concluded on February 12, 1912, when the Republic of China formally replaced the Qing Dynasty. |
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| was an important Chinese general and politician famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor of China, his autocratic rule as the first President of the Republic of China, and his short-lived attempt to revive the Chinese monarchy, with himself as the "Great Emperor of China". |
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| of the mid 1910s and 1920s sprang from the disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture following the failure of the Chinese Republic founded in 1912 to address China’s problems. |
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| Beginning in 1915, A magazine written entirely in Chinese vernacular. This became one of the most influential magazines in the May Fourth Movement. |
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| was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing on May 4, 1919 protesting the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles. Sparked an upsurge in Chinese Nationalism. |
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| was a Chinese revolutionary, political theorist and Communist leader. He led the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism-Leninism, military strategies, and his brand of Communist policies are now collectively known as Maoism. |
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| (1887 – 1975) was a political and military leader of 20th century China. Chiang led China in the Second Sino-Japanese War, during which the Nationalist Government's power severely weakened, but his prominence grew. |
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| refers to a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanjing (Nanking), former capital of the Republic of China, on December 9, 1937. The memory of the Nanking Massacre has been a stumbling block in Sino-Japanese relations since the early 1970s. |
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| is widely regarded as the most important naval battle of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. Between 4 and 7 June 1942 the United States Navy decisively defeated an Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) attack against Midway Atoll, inflicting irreparable damage on the Japanese navy and seizing the strategic initiative. The battle has often been called "the turning point of the Pacific". |
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| "Divine Wind" were suicide attacks by military aviators from the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages (1944) of the Pacific campaign of World War II, designed to destroy as many warships as possible. |
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| (1945) is a statement calling for the Surrender of Japan in World War II. Initial rejection led directly to Truman's decision to drop atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
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| Four years after the 1868 Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government, through military incursions, officially annexed the kingdom and renamed it Ryukyu han. At the time, the Qing Dynasty of China asserted sovereignty over the islands of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, since the Ryūkyū Kingdom was also a tributary nation of China. Ryukyu han became Okinawa Prefecture of Japan in 1879. |
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| was a massive military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party. There was not one Long March, but several. The most well known is the march from Jiangxi province which began in October 1934. The Long March began the ascent to power of Mao Zedong. |
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| is the unified military organization, founded 1927, of all land, sea, and air forces of the People's Republic of China. The PLA is the world's largest military force. |
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| was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, and the Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II, from 1941 to 1944. After the end of the war, Tōjō was sentenced to death for war crimes and executed on 1948. |
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| was designated to command the proposed invasion of Japan in November 1945. MacArthur oversaw the occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1951. Although criticized for protecting Emperor Hirohito and the imperial family from prosecution for war crimes. General of the Army. |
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| the legislature in Japan from the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution in 1889 until the 1947 Constitution of Japan replaced the Imperial Diet with National Diet of Japan. |
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| refers to a brief interlude in the People's Republic of China from 1956 to 1957 during which the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) encouraged a variety of views and solutions to national policy issues. The movement also made a lasting impact on Mao's ideological perception. |
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| was an economic and social plan used from 1958 to 1961 to rapidly transform China from a primarily agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of agriculturalization and industrialization. Mao Zedong proposed this and it ended in catastrophe. |
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| was a period of widespread social and political upheaval in the People’s Republic of China between 1966 and 1976, resulting in nation-wide chaos and economic disarray. It was launched by Mao Zedong. |
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| were a mass movement of civilians, mostly students and other young people in China, who were mobilized by Mao Zedong in 1966 and 1967, during the Cultural Revolution. |
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| was the name given to a leftist political faction composed of four Chinese Communist Party officials. They came to prominence during the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) and were subsequently charged with a series of treasonous crimes. The Gang of Four effectively controlled the power organs of the Communist Party of China through the latter stages of the Cultural Revolution. |
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| was a prominent Chinese politician, statesman, theorist, and diplomat. Leader of the Communist Party of China. Deng changed China from a country obsessed with mass political movements to a country focused on economic construction. Influential in the Tienanmen Square protests of 1989. |
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| is presently the largest city square in the world and has been the site of many events. The most notable was in 1989, when a pro-democracy movement in China saw thousands of protesters gather there. Hundreds of protesters were killed by government troops in the streets leading from the square. |
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| is a strip of land running across the Korean Peninsula that serves as a buffer zone between North and South Korea. The DMZ cuts the Korean Peninsula roughly in half, crossing the 38th parallel on an angle, with the west end of the DMZ lying south of the parallel and the east end lying north of it. It is 155 miles (248 km) long and approximately 2.5 miles (4 km) wide, and is the most heavily militarized border in the world. Created in 1953. |
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| was a Korean communist politician who led North Korea from its founding in 1948 until his death. North Korea officially refers to Kim Il-sung as the "Great Leader" and he is designated in the constitution as the country's "Eternal President". |
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| is the official state ideology of North Korea (1955). It teaches that "man is the master of everything and decides everything," and that the Korean people are the masters of Korea's revolution. |
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| was President of South Korea from 1998 to 2003. He has been called the "Nelson Mandela of Asia" for his long-standing opposition to authoritarian rule in North Korea. |
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| "Liberal Democratic Party" Founded in 1955 and ruled for more than half a century. It had been one of the most consistently successful political parties in the democratic world. |
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