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| early period of Japan from 10,000 to 300 b.c. Named this because of the cord markings on the early pottery |
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| 300 b.c. to 250 a,d,; Yayoi period is marked by the start of the practice of growing rice in a paddy field or a new style of pottery; culture brought from migrants from Korea |
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| Chinese term for those living in the Japanese archipelago, writing: "the land of wa" |
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| also read as Pimiku, was a female ruler of Yamataikoku, an ancient state-like formation thought to have been located either in the Yamato region or in northern Kyūshū of present-day Japan; never married, had 1000 female servants and used her brother as an advisor; chinese called her a shaman who used paranormal activities to control people |
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| native animistic religion of Japan; worship of Kami; became part of shinto buddhism during the Nara period; no defined dogma, morals; collection of rituals and methods meant to mediate the relations of living humans to kam; nature and purification important |
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| objects of worship in the shinto faith; some are personified (Izanami), others represent animals or objects, forces of nature; humans can be kamis |
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| sun goddess, possibly the most important kami in shinto practce; she was born from the left eye of Izanagi as he purified himself in a river, and went on to become the ruler of the Higher Celestial Plane (Takamagahara) and was also considered to be directly linked in lineage to the Imperial Household of Japan and the Emperor, who were considered Descendants of the Kami themselves. her brother susanoo embarassed her by making a fol of hisselfbut then they married |
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| brother of Amaterasu; god of sea and storms; banished from the heavens after dertroying land to Izumo |
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| one of the earliest kami in Shinto; goddess of creation and death, wife of Izanagi; spoke first so their first child was bad; died in childbirth and went to Yomi (shadowy land of deaht) where Izanagi came to see her in grief. She had already become one of them and chased him |
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| husband of Izanagi; "father" of many kami |
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where Susanoo was banished; site of one of the oldest and most important shinto shrines
connected with susanoo and clan that rivaled Yamato |
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burial mounds for important people i.e. emperors, keyhold shaped
Kofun period sometimes called the yamato period named after these burials which followed the yayoi period
establishment of Yamato court which was dominated by clan politics |
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| city on the outskirts of Kyoto; boasta bundance of shinto and buddhist temples; hold head temple of Zen sect |
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oldest capital in Japan during the Asuka period of history which overlapped with the Kofun period
changed name od land from Wa to Nippon
soga clan
introduction to Buddhism |
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-kinship group of likely immigrant groups, probably Korean,
-got power by marrying their daughters
-one of the most important clans in Yamato period
-supported the introduction of Buddhism into shinto practices
-sent three woman to Korea to become monks |
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| Empress of Japan during the Asuka period; first known women to hold this position |
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was the servant to his aunt and mother in law, Suiko
Seventeen article constitution attributed to him
-probably the most famous historical figure of Japan from the first millenium
-instituted a new system of court ranks, based on merits instead relatives |
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high point in chinese civilization
Became caught up in fighting during the Korean Peninsula
under their rule, China became a religous and cultureal center and gained a great amount of influence over other peoples (Japan)
allied with Silla to defeat other korean states and unify the peninsula |
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| preceded the tang dynasty; buddhism gained prominence during this period |
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set of doctrines established by Emperor Kōtoku in the year 646 after the defeat of the soga clan. It was based on confuscios ideals;
* abolished private ownership of land
-established central capital
-rural organization
-new tax system |
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established capital during the Nara period.
-most of society was agricultural
-mostly shinto, permanent establishment of buddhism
-efforts to create history and literature (kojiki)
-spread of Japanese poetry (Manyoshu)
-chinese characters still mainly in use |
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sacred text of the Shinto religion
tells the story of Kami such as Izanagi, and amaterasu which are supposed to be the ancestors of imperial line
-Japan's oldest literary work
"record of ancient matters" |
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the Chronicles of Japan, is the second oldest book of classical Japanese history.
political history
begins with origin of heaven and earth and narrates divine ancestry of royal house
borrows excessively from chinese texts and modeled after chinese dynastic histories
legitimacy of the royal house is based on divine lineage and also to its adherence to chinese moral and cultural models |
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oldest existing, and most highly revered, collection of Japanese poetry, compiled sometime in the Nara period
authors and literary forms vary |
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people who lived in northeastern Japan who opposed and resisted the rule of the Japanese Emperors during the late Nara and early Heian periods
unique style of warfare where horse archery and hit and run tactics
defeated by the mid 9th century
seen as possible descendents of the Jomon |
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last division of classical Japanese history
height of influence of Chinese influence
considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature.
introduction and wide use of kana |
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powerful family of regents in Japan who had a sort of monopoly to the Sekkan positions
defeated the soga clan in the Asuka period and created the Taika reforms |
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pattern of post-nuptial residence in which the groom, following marriage, moves to the bride's home
practice in Japan: married after three nights of sleeping at their house
during the Heian period, uxorilocal marriage was not a sign of high status, but rather an indication of the patriarchal authority of the woman's family |
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a person who performs the work of ruling for the emperor
originally used when emperor was a minor, but starting with the Fujiwara, you could continue acting as a regent after the emperor was an adult
Mototsune was the first regent for an adult emperor
How fujiwara institutionalized their power |
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advanced of the Pure Land branch of Buddhism as an independent sect in Japan, known as Jodo Shu
response to turbulence and uncertainties accompanying the transition from aristocratic to warrior rule
largely followed by women
he believed in women's right to religion
nembutsu is the only and best method of salvation
salvation through faith
sect named after paradise in the west where Amida rules
provides hope of rebirth in the land of bliss
book burned and exiled by monks of older traditions |
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emperors who abdicated the throne and entered the buddhist monastery
or they were retied emperors who still maintained their effective ruling authority-->eternally an emperor |
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Japanese novelist, poet, and servant of the imperial court during the Heian period.
known for writing tale of the Gengi
great influence on Japanese literature
usefullness and value of fiction, as opposed to confusius beliefs
lady in waiting for Empress Shoshi/Akiko |
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world's first novel, the first modern novel, or the first novel to still be considered a classic.
Plot: things happen in real time and development of characters is seen only as they grow older
recounts the story of Gengi, son of a Japanese emperor commoner due to lack of powerful maternal relatives
described customs of aristocracy at the time
shaped view of heian period
organic relation between prose and poetry |
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court lady and author of The Pillow Book during the Heian period
The pillow book is filled with description and critique of court life including aspects like men's obsession with their own appearance
rivalry with Muraski Shikibu |
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Nara period emperor.
Shōmu himself abdicated in favor of his daughter, Empress Kōken, but continued to control the government.
Oversaw expansion of 8th century state
Shōmu is mainly remembered for commissioning the sixteen-meter high statue of the Vairocana Buddha in a temple in Nara
Closely tied to fujiwara clan |
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Nara empress
she first ruled as Empress Kōken. She abdicated in favor of her second cousin, Emperor Junnin, but six years later she took the crown from him and reascended the throne. Her posthumous name for her second reign was Empress Shōtoku.
had no children tried to pass the affair Dokyo who she may have been sleeping with
instability in her reign, problems in choosing an heir to the throne
preference for chinese ideal of male dominated gender hierarchy in court politics and policy |
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| a complex system of icons, meditative rituals, and ritual languages, all of which aim at enabling the practitioners to immediately grasp abstract Buddhist doctrines through actual ritual experiences |
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founder of the Shingon or "True Word" school of Buddhism
recieved imperial patronage and studied in China to learn about buddhism
ranked levels of spiritual life from animal life to other religions to shingon religion
said to have invented Kana
introduced tea to Japan
placed emphasis on art as a way to transmit religion |
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Japanese Esoteric Buddhism, is a major school of Japanese Buddhism
based on Kukai's study from China
"true word" : importance of mystic verbal formuli
oral transmission of secret teachings
use of the mudra, ritual observances with hand positions
cosmic buddha important
popular during Heian period |
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spread by Saicho in Japan
combination of scholarly traditions with pietism and meditation
grounded in lotus sutra, complete truth preached by the buddha
everyone can reach enlightenment through relgiios devotion
all creatures contain buddha and can be saved |
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Japanese Buddhist monk credited with founding the Tendai school in Japan, based around the Chinese Tiantai tradition he was exposed to during his trip to China He founded the temple and headquarters of Tendai at Enryakuji on Mt. Hiei near Kyoto.
spread tendai buddhism to Japan because he was unhappy with the worldliness of the Nara priesthood
Nara temples didnt like him and didnt allow his temple to ordain priests |
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the buddha who presides over the western paradise
Buddha of infinite light
shift to a focus on peity in the late Heien period centered on Amida-->this involved chanting his name (nenbutsu)
particularly important to Pure land buddhism-> worship of her became pure land buddhism |
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history's final phase of degeneracy
turbulence of transition from aristocracy to warrior rule made many people think that it was mappo
this turned people towards religion and contributed to certain faith sects such as pure land buddhism which appeals to populas |
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estates or private landholdings out of govt control in the Heian period
1. land held by imperial or aristocratic family
2. land of temples or shrines
3. newly developed lands
By the end of the Heian period virtually all Japanese land had become shōen
mark of feudalism in Japan
no govt control |
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| warrior in mideval japan who was expected to be verile and the shit |
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won the Hogen conflict which marked the end of the age of courtly nobility
general of the late Heian period of Japan. He established the first samurai-dominated administrative government in the history of Japan.
defeated in the gempei war by the minamoto |
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took advantage of the Taira's weak government to rebuild the minamoto power
began the gempei war and defeated Taira
was the founder and the first shogun
The end of the Genpei War and beginning of the Kamakura shogunate marked the rise of military (samurai) power and the suppression of the power of the emperor,
created the bakufu system |
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debated location
Himiko's kingdom, a society of small kingdoms in constant warfare
Female emperess, know more about her than anyone else at the time |
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theory that the imperial line was started by a group of horseriding people, who were probably koreans
invaded japans in early 4th century
challenged the theory that the imperial line was indigenous (as stated in the kojiki) |
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Korean state allied with the Yamato court
japanese troops fought with them in Korea in exchange for goods and technologies
The defeat of the paekche was a key effect in the unification of Korea
The refugees from conflict fled to Japan and provided educated man power that helped to create new administrative infrastructure in Japan
transmitted BUddhism to the Yamato court |
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korean state that was an enemy of Paekcha
allied with china to defeat other korean states-->unification of korea
They controlled entire peninsula
The foreign threat of silla inspired domestic reform in Japan-->yamato institution building |
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korean state that fell to Silla after Paekcha did
Many of their refugees fled to Japan which provided educated manpower which helped create administrative infrastructure
defeat--->unfication of Korea |
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State under tenmu and Jito that followed the anti-soga coup of 645
state had many texts, institutions that stored text, and people/inst that produced them
because of the centrality of text, historians gave it the name ritsu( a code of penal law) ryo (administrative law of all govt and peoples)
laws based on tang system learned from Korean immigration |
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involves traditions and beliefs not transmitted in an outward position
came from China
tendai and shignon are exampels
beliefs and practices only transmitted to intiatied
Popular during the Heian period because the leaders liked mystery and secret as well as colorful richness of rites |
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a method for attaining salvation
it is the only method for attaining salvation in pure land buddhism
mindfully chanting to name of amida
popular practice in the late Heien period during a shift to focus on peity |
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types of rights to income from shoen
rights of administrators who served absent landlords of shoen
a certain portion of the income of the land
rights could be inherited, divided, or sold
women could hold the rights |
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began the Gempei war, defeated the taira
took advantage of Taira Kiyomoris weak govt to rebuild minamoto power |
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initiated by Minamoto Yoritomo
culminated in the permanent defeat of Tara
Yoshitsune: powerful minamoto general who contributed to win
Minamoto's value on personal valor became important in this war
recounted in tale of the heike and many other minor romances |
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Japan's major literary epic
it recounts the gempei war
widely chanted among all classes
conveys a sense of the transience of victory and the emptiness of success-->buddhist sense of fleetingness of life
the main theme of the work is the fall of the Taira pride, and not glory of victory |
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written by Kamuno Chomei
guy decided to devote life to buddhism and lives in a hut in the woods in solitude and silence
he loves his hut so he cant be a true buddhist
buddhism is important to the work, but pessimistic buddhism due to disasters that befell Japan in late Heian period
Essay about the world and the calmities of the world versus the simpleness of his own life
finds consolation in repeating nembutsu |
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early medival period (1185-1333)
beginning of the age of the warrior
the throne is still ultimate source of authority
leaders were military nobles
bridged gap of aristocracy and warriors
turbulent transitional period involving conflict between provincial warriors and court nobles (conflict within groups as well) |
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"tent govt" which evokes military power of govt
begun by Yoritomo and recognized by the emperor
power came from ties of vaselage-->loyalties and service in return for protection and rewards
ruled by the shogun,
called shogunate
administrative power held by military |
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literally, barbarian surpressing general
leader of the bakufu, Yoritomo was the first one in 1192
overlord beholden to no other individual in samurai class |
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Honen's disciple, further developped pure land Amidism and created true pure land school
humans who are too debased to receive salvation without help, so they must rely on Amida
salvation through faith frequently experienced in acts of conversion
he was filled with a sense of sinfulness and called himself a baldheaded old fool
rejected old observances, ate meat and got married and was exiled for his views
he preached to commoners |
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a religion and a founder
no tolerance for other beliefs systems
salvation through faith in the lotus sutra, not in its contents
invokation of the lotus sutra and not in Amida
Nichiren thought he was a reincarnation a bodhisattva entrusted with lotus sutra
thought japan was divinely protected
prophesied the mogolian invasion
Exiled and almost executed for his beliefs |
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enjoyed official favor from the state and bakufu support, although it had fewer followes than pure land or nicheren both of which appealed to the warrior classes
promoted by two monks Eisai and Dogen who spread it in japan
involved silent meditation, you realize buddha nature through body and mind
simplicity and austerity
very demanding, practitioners go through a period of waiting and abuse before being admitted to temple life
effects many aspects of everyday Japanese life from tea ceremonies to Noh theater |
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a "riddle" in zen that is supposed to not have a rational answer
meditation necessary to focus on it
this meditation is central to the zen practice which gets you in touch with buddha nature |
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Mongols demanded submission from Japan and Japan refused
Mongols attacked twice in 1274 and 1281
Both invasions ended due to weather
the sogunate increased its power by the civilian court by repulsing the attacks, but seriously it was the weather
repulsing the attacks caused the downfall of the shogunate and the bakufu system
deterring the invadors earns no land or spoils and so there are no rewards for soldiers
The invasions solidified the notion of Japan as special and protected by dieties
First time the kamukura period that Japan got involved in continental military campaigns |
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followed the Kamukuru period which marked the beginning of the rise of the soldier's political power
completion of political ascendency of warriors
partway through the period, the bakufu's area of effective control shrank to the capital area, even though the shogunate continued to play some political role for another century |
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traditional Japanese theater popularized during the Muromachi period
used a zen of astethic ideal seen in the simplicity of scenery and slow deliberate movement, and nonexpressive masks
theater has a somber tone
kyogen (comedic plays) used to lighten the mood between plays
retelling after the event, not a dramatic episode or rendition |
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"mad or wild words"
performed in the interlude of No plays
used broad humor or slapstick comedy to lighten the mood between the dramatic and somber No plays
lack the aura of profundity and poetic mystery that has sustained the No tradition in Japan |
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a sense of underlying mystery crucial to the performance of No theater
considered the mark of supreme attainment in all of the art and accomplishments
provides meaning to the importance of no action |
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playwright of Noh theater which is a traditional form of Japanese theater performed in the Muromachi period
said that a play's succes lies in creating yugen
Yugen is a sense of underlying mystery
The goal of all art and accomplishments is in attaining yugen |
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Definition
Two are diometrically opposed to eachother
Ise is an ancient shrine, connected to Amaterasu
linked to Yamato and Imperial line because they are supposed ot have descended form Amaterasu
Kojiki was used to downplay importance of Izumo clan |
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Japanese syllabary developed during early Heien period by Kukai who also introduced Shingon Buddhism
-increased spread of literacy
-new form of writing, with japanese characters |
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established regency system
powerful in Nara and Heian period
ruled by using rather than seizing the trhone through regency and intermarriage
wealthiest family in the land
defeated the soga clan and established taika reforms |
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hereditary clan common name and religion
yamato court in tomb period
Soga clan is an example |
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first capital of Japan
period of establishing Japan as a state i.e. establishing a capital, taxation, centralized govt, reduced power of regional authority, legal codes
adoption of Japan (Nippon) as name
Soga clan and buddhism
adoption of the title of emperor |
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