Details Title: Earth Science Description: Geology Exam Total Flash Cards: 130 Created: 09/20/2009 11:39:36		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Geology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term ELEMENTS are the building blocks on ______________ Definition MINERALS Term Definition of a MINERAL Definition 1. Natural 2. Inorganic 3. Solid 4. Posses an orderly internal structure of atoms 5. Have a definite chemical composition Term ATOMS are the ________________ particles of matter Definition SMALLEST Term the ____________ is the central part of the atom Definition NUCLEUS Term the NUCLEUS is made up of __________ and _____________ with ______________ surround it in the shells. Definition PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ELECTRONS Term ATOMS will ___________________ to create a bond Definition share electrons Term Physical properties of a MINERAL Definition 1. crystal form 2. luster 3. color 4. streak 5. hardness 6. cleavage Term how to determine the physical properties of a mineral Definition 1. fracture (how it breaks) 2. specific gravity (how dense it is) 3. other properties - taste, smell, elasticity 4. feel 5. magnetism 6. double refraction 7. reaction to hydrochloric acid Term the most abundant atoms in Earth's crust are ____________ and _____________ Definition oxygen and silicon Term you combine silicon and oxygen to create ____________ Definition SILICATES Term the most common mineral group are the _______________________ Definition rock-forming silicates Term _______________ are already identified deposits Definition MINERAL RESERVES Term _____________ are useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit Definition ORES Term all earth materials must be either a _______, ____________, or _____________ Definition ROCK, SEDIMENT, or MAGMA Term ROCK CYCLE= Definition magma--> igneous rock --> sediment --> sedimentary rock --> metamorphic rock Term Igneous Rocks form when ___________ Definition MAGMA COOLS Term rocks inside the earth are called Definition plutonic or intrusive Term rocks formed on the surface are called Definition volcanic or extrusive Term classifying of igneous rock= Definition classification is based on texture and mineral composition Term igneous rocks solidify at temps _______________ Definition closest to those of the earths surface Term naming of igneous rocks - Definition Basaltic Rocks, Andesitic (intermediate), and ultramafic Term sedimentary rocks are the _________________ of the three groups Definition MOST COMMON Term makes up about ________ of all rock outcrops Definition 75% Term Sedimentary rock's economic importance Definition coal, petroleum, and natural gas, iron and aluminum Term we classify sedimentary rocks based on their ________________ Definition ORIGIN Term two groups of sedimentary rock Definition detrital, and chemical Term sedimentary rocks are produced through _______________ Definition LITHIFICATION Term features of sedimentary rock Definition strata or beds, bedding planes, fossils Term METAMORPHIC rocks are "_________ _________" rocks because Definition they "bake" together Term Metamorphic rocks are transformed in a process called Definition METAMORPHISM Term types of metamorphism Definition contact, regional Term Metamorphic rock textures Definition FOLIATED and NONFOLIATED Term what is foliation Definition when you can still see layers but they have been melted together Term most important ore deposit are generated from Definition hydrothermal solutions Term what is deformation Definition general term that refers to all changes in the original form and or size of a rock body Term most crustal deformation occurs along Definition plate margins Term igneous and metamorphic rock are much ___________ so they will break and sedimentary rock is much softer so it will ____________. Definition harder, fold Term what are folds Definition rocks bent into a series of waves Term most folds result from Definition compressional forces which shorten and thicken the crust Term types of folds Definition anticline and syncline Term ANTICLINE Definition upfolded, or arched, rock layers (like an upside down U) Term SYNCLINE Definition down folded rock layers Term anticlines and synclines can be ________, __________, or ___________ Definition symmetrical, asymmetrical or overturned Term where fold die out they are said to be Definition plunging Term REVERSE CHRONOLOGY Definition on an overturned limb the oldest layer is actually on top Term plunging means that it is going into Definition the sea Term other types of folds Definition dome and basin Term DOME Definition up, like the dome of an old building and old. Term in a dome, the oldest rock is in the Definition core Term BASIN Definition low, down and new Term what are faults Definition faults are breaks in rocks along which movement has taken place Term what are joints Definition joints are fracture breaks in rocks along which no movement has taken place Term dip slip fault Definition crack going down movement along the inclination of a fault plane parts- Hanging wall- the rock above the fault surface Footwall- the rock below the fault surface Term dip slip faults can be _______ or ________ Definition normal or reverse and thrust Term what is a normal fault Definition when the hanging wall moves down Term a normal fault is caused by Definition pulling apart Term what is a reverse and thrust fault Definition hanging wall block moves up Term a reverse and thrust fault is caused by Definition pushing in forces Term Reverse faults are dips __________ than 45 degrees and thrust faults are dips ___________ than 45 degrees Definition more, less Term what is a strike slip fault Definition the crack is horizontal and it slides past each other Term what is a transform fault Definition large strike slip fault that cuts through the lithosphere Term what is orogenesis Definition the process of mountain building Term most mountain building occurs at _______________ Definition plate boundaries Term what is aleutian type mountain building Definition when volcanic island arcs form because two oceanic plates converge and one is subducted beneath the other. Term what is andean- type mountain building Definition when an oceanic plate converges with a continent and is pushed beneath it. like the andes mountains along the sea Term what is continental accretion Definition small crustal fragments collide with and accrete to continental margins Term accreted blocks are called Definition terranes Term the higher the mountain the ______________ the crust below it has to be Definition thicker Term what is isostasy Definition the concept of a floating crust in gravitational balance. when weight is removed from the crust, crustal uplifting occurs. Term what is elastic rebound Definition like the crust has a memory Term what is an earth quake Definition a sudden release of energy Term what is the focus Definition the place within the earth where earthquake waves originate Term what is the epicenter Definition the point on the surface of the earth above the focus Term earthquakes do not occur in ____________ they occur in _____________. Definition isolation, clusters Term how is earthquake intensity determined Definition a measure in the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage. MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE Term how is magnitude of an earthquake determined Definition RICHTER SCALE Term what is the reichter scale based off of Definition the amplitude of the largest seismic wave Term the study of earthquake waves is called Definition seismology Term what is a S Wave Definition complex motion, slowest velocity of all waves, travels only through solids Term what are P Waves Definition push-pull (compressional motion), travels through solids, liquids, and gases, greatest velocity of all earthquakes. Term most of our knowledge about earthquakes comes from our study of _________ and _____________ Definition P and S waves Term the CRUST layer Definition thin, rocky, outer layer. Continental Crust- upper crust Oceanic Crust-Younger, basaltic comp Term MANTLE Definition below crust Term OUTER CRUST Definition below mantle Term Earths Layers Definition Mesosphere Outer Core Lithosphere Asthenosphere Inner Core Term what is earths shadow zone Definition absence of p waves from about 105 degrees to 140 degrees around the globe from an earthquake Term what do you need to locate an epicenter Definition three station recordings Term factors that determine the violence of an eruption Definition composition of magma temp of magma dissolved gases in the magma Term what is the viscosity of magma Definition the measure of a materials resistance to flow Term factors determining the viscosity of magma Definition temp (hotter= slower) comp (low silica- high viscosity, high silica - low vis) dissolved gases Term types of lava Definition pahoehoe lava (braids of ropes) Aa lava (rough, jagged blocks) Term pyroclastic materials Definition "fire fragments" Term conduit Definition pipe that caries gas-rich magma to the surface Term vent Definition the surface opening (connected to the magma chamber via a pipe) Term crater Definition steep walled depression at the summit (relatively small) Term caldera Definition a summit depression grater than 1 diameter (much much bigger than a crater) Term types of volcanoes Definition shield, cinder, and composite Term what is a lahar Definition a volcanic mudflow Term what is a nuee ardente Definition a fiery pyroclastic flow made of hot gases infused with ash Term a caldera is formed by a Definition collapse Term what are volcanic pipes Definition pipes are short conduits that connect a magma chamber to the surface Term what is a volcanic neck Definition are resistant vents left standing after erosion has removed the volcanic cone Term an underground igneous body is called Definition a pluton Term shapes of plutons Definition tabular- thin in one of its dimensions massive- large in three dimensions Term pluton orientation Definition discordant- cuts across existing structures concordant - parallel to features such as sedimentary strata Term a dike Definition a tabular, discordant pluton Term a sill Definition a tabular, concordant pluton Term laccolith Definition a massive, concordant pluton Term batholith Definition a massive, discordance pluton Term batholith is the ____________ Definition largest intrusive body Term global distribution of igneous rock is _______ random Definition not Term convergent plate boundaries Definition deep ocean trenches Term divergent plate boundaries Definition the greatest volume of volcanic rock is produced along the oceanic ridge system. lithosphere pulls apart Term intraplate igneous activity Definition activity with a rigid plate. form localized volcanic regions called hot spots. Term who proposed the first idea of the continental drift Definition alfred wegener Term continental drift hypothesis Definition supercontinent called pangaea began breaking apart about 200 million years ago Term what is the athenosphere Definition exists beneath the lithosphere, hotter and weaker than lithosphere, allows motion of lithosphere. Term divergent Definition moving apart Term convergent Definition coming together Term transform Definition sliding past each other Term oceanic-continental convergence Definition denser oceanic slab sinks into the asthenosphere, magma develop and rise, volcanic arcs form Term oceanic-oceanic convergence Definition two oceanic slabs converge and one descends beneath the other, often forms volcanoes on the ocean floor Term continental- continental convergence Definition when subducting plates contain continental material and the two continents collide. **HIMALAYAS** Term paleomagnetism Definition prob the most persuasive evidence of continental drift, magnetism. Term the oldest part of ocean floor is by the ______ because magma creates new floor at spreading center Definition land Term where the deep earthquakes are around the world are in the direction _________________ Definition the plates are diving Term deep earthquakes are ___________, shallow earthquakes are _____________ Definition inland, shore and sea Term ___________ is the driving force of plate tectonics Definition earth's heat Term slab-pull and slab-push model Definition descending oceanic crust pulls the plate. elevated ridge system pushes the plate Term plate-mantle convection Definition mantle plumes extend from the mantle core boundary and cause convection within the mantle