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- the political & social order of medieval Europe
- system based on a neat hierarchy of lords and vassals who collectively took charge of political and military affairs
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- retainers devoted their time + energy to the service of their lords for land or money
- retainers owed loyalty, obedience, respect, counsel, and military service to lords
- responsible for local public works projects, the resolution of disputes, + the administration of justice
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Term
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Definition
- semi-free individuals who were under the power of lords
- had some rights but had to observe obligations to their landlords
- labor services + payments of rent
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Term
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Definition
- large estates w/ fields, meadows, agricultural tools, domestic animals, + sometimes lakes & rivers
- became largely self-sufficient
- many craft skills developed on manors that helped fuel economic developmentin western Europe
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Term
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Definition
- a heavy plow equipped with iron tips that dug into the earth and with a mould-board to turn the soil
- more espensice than the light Meditteranean plow
- cultivators needed to harness more energy to pull it through most northern soils
- hitched it to oxen or draft horses
- significantly increased agricultural production
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