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Spanish explorer that conquered the Aztec's by killing Montezuma and decimating the city of Tenochtitlan by coming with gifts they had never seen and using the power he got by being considered God or a descendant
- begins Spanish raid across the land but they could not go too far due to lack of travel by waterways
- Ties into the Reconquista and Columbian Exchange with the spread of diseases |
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Prolonged period of struggle/war for Spanish versus non-catholics
- "recapturing" - spain reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors to return it to the Christians
- strong motivator for Christopher Columbus to being exploration
- worked to convert those they did not kill |
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Exchange between American and European cultures
Impact:
- Americas: depopulation of animals and humans because of disease, collapse of society, converting to new faith
- Europe: expanded diet, increased crop yield, population growth, expansion of markets, price revolution, possibility of progress |
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Protestant Reformation
(with date) |
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1534
John Calvin allows for the spread to England due to major complaints in which they reform the Catholic Church
- leads to war between England and Spain in 1588
- Begins to break direct relationship between church and state |
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Broke from the Catholic church and brought reformation to England with statements of 4 main problems
1. Catholic heirarchy claiming authority
2. Pomp and Circumstance causing distraction from God
3. Separation of Church and State
4. Membership for everyone |
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King of England that creates the Church of England with himself at the top of the heirarchy instead of the Pope in order to give himself a divorce
- leads to more disagreements with the church |
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1607
- First permanent English settlement in America established by the VA Company and governed under John Smith
- Beginning of relationships with Indians and success in settling the Americas |
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Bacon's Rebellion
(with date) |
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Definition
1676
- Uprising started under Nathanial Bacon because of disputes among govt only representing the wealthy and favoring big over small plantars and tide water owners
- Turns from class into race and who is better
- Provides consensus that slavery is okay |
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- John Smith used this to help Jamestown survive – it was harsh but gave order
o Death penalty for rape, adultry, theft, lying, blasphemy, talking/doing against the bible
o Capital crime to kill livestock
o Couldn’t take any crops for your own |
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- Discovered new tobacco strain in 1611 which ended up having a strong demand and led to an increase in price
- Allows for the need of more land
- Jamestown begins to really grow by 1620s, saved VA colony |
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- Extremely labor intensive – needed large long labor force because it was a hard crop to grow
- Soil depleting – used the nutrients so it could not be grown every season – need different and more land
- Valuable depending on the market
- There was a small population, need more people (don’t jump right to slavery) and the need to expand to get more land once soil is used
o Use of indentured servants |
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- Opechancanough launches attack against Jamestown and kills about 347 settlers, devastating the place because the Indians had been experiencing a loss of power/control to English, they were being disrespected and due to the settlement patterns with Jamestown’s need for new land
- Followed by a period of war for a decade
- This was ¼ of Jamestown and the last straw for King James I with the slow progress and lack of income – ENOUGH – and in 1622 the Charter for VA is revoked and now royally appointed under his control |
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Intolerable Acts
(with date) |
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Definition
1774: Coercive Acts
-- Four laws used to punish MA for destroying the tea during the Boston Tea Party closing the port in Boston until tea was paid for and prohibiting all but coastal trade in food and firewood.
- Punishment and to gain control |
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Dunmore's Prclamation
(with date) |
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1775
Declared martial law and promised freedom for slaves of American Patriots who left their masters and joined the royal forces
- Scared planters of possibility of slave rebellions
- hoped it would cause such a scare in the colonies that they would abandon the revolution |
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supported ratification of the new Constitution: supported a strong, centralized govt
Fell Bill of Rights was dangerous in that you couldn't list ALL rights and those not listed could not be protected |
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Indentured Servants
(with date) |
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1630
- An apprenticeship to learn to grow/own land where you sign a paper with your name/term, work your contract in return for freedom dues at the end – often land to get them started; in the mean time, means of living were generally provided for
- Life was similar to that of slavery – depended on owner; increased crop production and eventually lead to slavery because less people began to come over from England |
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Slave Societies
(with date) |
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1700s
- Economy where dominant form of labor is enslaved – they cannot function without it – political/legal/social and the slaves outnumber the white population (SC)
- Increase in labor intensive crops |
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English Civil War
(with dates) |
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1642-1651
- War amongst England from conflicts between Parliament and Royalists that distracted them from paying much attention to the colonies. The war ended by executing Charles I and replacement of English Monarchy
- Creates increase in economic conditions in the colonies, colonies are taking care of themselves and the need for indentured servants decreases because less were available – rise of slavery begins because dependency caused a need for labor |
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- Group of people that want to separate completely from the Church of England due to their questions of church membership – only those that can be saved can be true members – NOT PURITANS
- Illegal at the time
- Leave to come to create land in NE |
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- Parliament represents the people – somewhat balances power but there is no separation of church and state; occurs in England
- Contains the House of Lords with all bishops and the House of Commons – only Parliament can tax |
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- Wanted to try to reform the church from within by getting rid of anything that cannot be found in the bible; believed in predestination
- Leave England for America and travel in families; adding to the diversity of the North because they were working people with skills, they transplanted/created towns with beneficial ratios |
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- Puritan opted government in creation of a New England that followed the bible letter by letter and clerks ruled
- Congregational Organization: not really overarching authority; each township/church ran its own sort
- Only church members in good standing would participate in the towns affairs except women |
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| - Led Puritans to America and land in Boston; he was elected governor of MA Bay Company and wanted the land to be a “City Upon a Hill” model establishment |
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Anne Hutchinson
(with date) |
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Definition
1637 Trial Date
- Participated in the Puritan movement out of England to form a New England. She accused some of the ministers of preaching the covenant of works instead of covenant of grace. She was brought to court and was eventually charged with blasphemy and banished for saying that God spoke to her directly.
- Not coverred: outspoken
- Used as an example to others as what not to do |
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Declaration of Independence
(with date) |
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1776
- Proposed by the Second Continental Congress. The document proclaimed independence of the Thirteen colonies from British rule. |
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- Femme Covert – a woman’s rights/voice are absorbed by the husband who legally controls everything they own
- Ties closely to the problem of Anne H |
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- If husband had to leave for anything, the women would take over his responsibilities in the event of his absence
- Women had to be sufficiently involved in family, town and business; women had great deal of autonomy – idea of men and women equal in god’s eyes |
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First Continental Congress
(with date) |
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- 12 colonies (not Georgia) represented at the congress to discuss how they related to Britain, trade and taxes, legislation, representation and rights, and military preparation. To unite the colonies, they agreed on a Continental Association – non-importation, non-exportation, and non-consumption.
- 1774
- Sought to articulate their liberties as British subjects and the powers parliament held over them: essentially started the Revolutionary War |
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Articles of Confederation
(with date) |
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1781
- Agreement among the 13 US colonies that legally made them a confederation of sovereign states with freedom and independence and served as the first constitution or document that sought to create terms for a national government; it was difficult for all states to agree on |
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- Womapanoag Sachem (leader) who joined the English for an all around alliance and a good, peaceful relationship and negotiated the “League of Peace” because he knew he needed protection from other tribes
o No harm to others
o No stealing
o Defending one another
o No weapons at meetings
- 1621
- 50 years of peace ended by King Philip’s War in 1676 |
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- King has all the power
- Dominant form of government in the world before 1700 |
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- William and Mary are invited to take the thrown after Charles II in order to remain protestant due to fear James II would change to Catholic dominion
- 1689
- Created broad acceptance of different protestant religions; gave freedom of religion for protestants under the Toleration Act; sets in motion that England would not be threatened by Catholics |
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- Celebration of the gunpowder plot of Guy Fox in 1605 in which he failed in an attempt to execute the protestant Parliament, restore Catholic reign and exposing evils of the Pope
- November 5
- Allows for pride in being protestant and seen as a sign for protestant rule; brings together where a cart is paraded and a fake Pope with the devil then burn it |
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Navigation Acts
(with date) |
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- Placed regulation on colonial goods stating that they must pass through England during trade and certain valuables can only be sold in other English colonies. It only allowed trade in colonies by English or colonial merchants
- 1651-1673
- These measures were taken for English control and income and effected many of the colonists. Not followed at first but eventually stops salutary neglect; causes tensions to start to develop below the surface |
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- Theory that viewed the economic world as a collection of national states, whose governments competed for shares of a finite amount of wealth; what one nation gained, another lost
- Colonies played an important role, supplying the mother country with valuable raw materials and a market for the mother country’s manufactured goods
- England used this basis of commercial policy to gain power over the colonies and wealth from them esp through the Navigation Acts |
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- Benjamin Franklin offers a plan at the Albany Congress as an attempt at forming a union of the colonies during the French and Indian Wars. It was rejected without many colony legislatures reading it because it had provisions to curtail some land claims currently
- 1754
- Showed the selfishness of the colonies and raised the question on how to unite in defense of frontier where Major General Braddock then organized a military and Will Johnson was named Superintendent of Native Indian Affairs |
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- British had not been fair or respectful of the territories of the Native Americans during expansion and trade and were not respecting their rituals so Pontiac gathered a group of Natives to rebel
- 1763
- There was a need for regulation. This lead to the kings passing of the Proclamation of 1763 as a compromise. This kept settlers from filing out into new land. However, it was a failure in all aspects because the colonists don’t listen to the king |
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- To raise revenue and decrease war debt, Prime Minister George Grenville imposed a tax on all paper used for official documents – newspapers, licenses, court documents, etc – and required an affixed stamp as proof of the tax being used
- 1765
- This had already existed in England and effected everyone. It is referred to as the folly of England. It raised the question: Did Parliament have a constitutional right to tax them without representation?
o It led to many organizations especially the Stamp Act Congress where 9 colonies petitioned the king and it was eventually repealed in 1766 |
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- First organized resistance to the Stamp Act (Sam Adams, John Hancock, Ebenezer Mackintosh) - wreaked havoc at stamp distributors in order for them to resign and not enforce the Stamp Act in colonies
- Organized representation of the colonies |
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Boston Massacre
(with date) |
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Definition
- Crowd of laborers threw snowballs at English soldiers guarding the Customs House where the sentries fired on the crown against order. Five died and 8 were wounded
- March 5, 1770
- Led to the idea that England was no longer concerned with preserving relations, just control |
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Boston Tea Party
(with date) |
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- Townshend Acts were repealed, except for the tax on tea: Tea Act. As a rebellion, 50 men dressed as Indians destroyed 90,000 lbs of tea by dumping it into the harbor
- December 16, 1773
- Boycott led Parliament to issue restrictive laws: the Coercive (Intolerable Acts) in 1774 closing the port in Boston until tea was paid for and prohibiting all but coastal trade in food and firewood. This was only followed by 3 more punitive measures. |
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| - Colonist army led by George Washington in the Revolutionary War. Consisted of soldiers and militias from all 13 colonies in order to defend the colonies from the British during the American Revolution |
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Shay's Rebellion
(with date) |
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- About 1500 troops assaulted the Springfield federal army. Militiamen defending the armory fired on their former comrades who withdrew after 24 casualties. Led by Daniel Shay, this occurred due to the fact that MA was asking for money due to financial hardships after war
- January 25, 1787
- Earliest independence struggle |
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Federalist #10
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- Essay written by James Madison that argues how to guard against groups of citizens that have interests that are contrary to the rights of others and the interests of the community
o One of the most notable essays in the Federalist papers
- 1787
- Argued for a large union instead of each state being on their own |
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| FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS |
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| ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION |
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