Term
|
Definition
-Cocaine
-Amphetamines (d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine, methamphetamine)
-Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
-apomorphine (DA antagonist_ |
|
|
Term
| Behavioral effects of major stimulants |
|
Definition
-increased motor activity
-decreased fatigue/ increased energy
-eleated mood
-appetite suppression
-sympathetic activation |
|
|
Term
| Neurochemical Effects of Major Stimulants |
|
Definition
| All major stimulants facilitate DA transmission either by stimulating release, block uptake, or act as agonists. (CREATE MORE DOPAMINE SOMEHOW) |
|
|
Term
| Low Dose effects of Stimulants on humans |
|
Definition
| -decrease fatigue, increase in energy, persistence, desire to work, increase in motor activity, motor speed |
|
|
Term
| Low Dose effects of Stimulants on animals |
|
Definition
| Increased locomotor activity! also exploration, and rate dependent operant behavior |
|
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Term
|
Definition
The effect of a drug compared to a baseline rate based on its schedule of reinforcement (4 types)
(FR, FI, VR, VI) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -reinforcement is delievered after certain number of responses. Number of responses stays same over time. yields high response rate |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-reinforcement is delivered after certain number of times. Number of times required changes with each time!
yields high response rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Reinforcement is delivered after certain amount of time. The amount of time does not change. yields low response rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reinforcement delivered after certain amount of time. The amount of time changes each time. yields low response rates |
|
|
Term
| Stimulants make ratio schedules... |
|
Definition
| There is a decreased response rate on high-rate ratio schedules when taking stimulants |
|
|
Term
| Stimulants make variable schedules... |
|
Definition
| There is an increased response rate on low rate variable schedules when taking stimulants |
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|
Term
|
Definition
STEREOTYPY
AKA continuous repetition of purposeless behavior
-hand movements, chewing, head movements, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous repetition of purposeless behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug that kills DA terminals, depletes of DA! |
|
|
Term
| Nucleus Accumbens DA depletion... |
|
Definition
| impairs locomotion with low doses of amphetamine |
|
|
Term
| Neostriatal (caudate putamen) DA depletion.... |
|
Definition
| depletes and impairs stereotypy with high dose of amphetamine |
|
|
Term
| Neostriatal DA depletion on apomorphine |
|
Definition
| -After a few days, apomorphine stereotypy is enhanced! when amphetamine substrate leaves from DA depletion, DA terminals not used as much. This causes the receptors to become SUPERSENSITIVE, and overreact to the exposure of apomorphine, a DA agonist |
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Term
|
Definition
it is a DA agonist. binds to receptor and pretends to be DA
-Treatment for Parkinsons! |
|
|
Term
| Receptor Supersensitivity |
|
Definition
| When a terminal becomes not as used as it is accustomed to, it becomes extremely sensitive to the neurotransmitter when it does become exposed! |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When you make one side of the brain DA depleted. This causes a rotation of locomotion after exposure to major stimulants. The direction of rotation depends on the DRUG |
|
|
Term
| Rotation model Amphetamine vs apomorphine |
|
Definition
| Amphetemine rotation is in the direction of the DA depletion. Within a few days, apopmorphine induced rotation goes in the opposite direction! because receptor supersensitivty creates locomotion to go opposite of the DA depletion! |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| When the nigrostriatal neurons die in your brain, and it causes DA depletion in the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens! |
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Term
|
Definition
-akinesia = difficulty initiating voluntary movement
-bradykinesia = slowness of movement
-tremor = shaking movements
-rigidity = resistance to passive movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| difficulty initiation involuntary movement. parkinsons symptom |
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Term
|
Definition
| slowness of movement. Parkinsons symptom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shaking in body parts not at rest. parkinsons symptom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Resistance to passive movement. symptom of parkinsons |
|
|
Term
| Idiopathic Parkinsons Disease |
|
Definition
The most common form of parkinsons
-caused from degeneration of DA neurons. Origin unknown. |
|
|
Term
| Familial Parkinsons Disease |
|
Definition
| This is parkinsons (DA dying in nigrostriatal causes DA depletion in caudate putamen) caused from genetics. |
|
|
Term
| Neurotoxin induced parkinsonism |
|
Definition
| Parkinsons disease caused from taking a toxic substance known as MPTP |
|
|
Term
| Post-encephalitic Parkinsonism |
|
Definition
| Parkinsons caused from people who survied the encephalitic "awakenings" epidemic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parkinsons diseased cause from head injuries such as the result of boxing |
|
|
Term
| Drug-Induced Parkinsonism |
|
Definition
| In this case drugs don't die, parkinson symptoms are proudced from DA antagonists (block DA), or anticholinesterases (blocks ACh breakdown, takes up DA pathway!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that prevent the breakdown of ACh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Precursor to DA! Is used as a drug treatment for parkinsons disease.
-Most effective treatment for Parkinsons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is a DA agonist!
-Binds to DA terminal and pretends to be DA
-Treatment for Parkinsons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DA agonist!
-Binds to DA terminal and pretends to be DA
-Treatment for Parkinsons |
|
|
Term
| Dopaminergic Treatments of Parkinsons |
|
Definition
Treatments for Parkinsons that involve DA!
They include:
-L-DOPA (Pre Cursor to DA)
-DA Agonists (drugs that pretend to be DA)
Side effects include stereotypy (overstimulate), dyskinesias, psychotic symptoms (too much DA), complusive behavior |
|
|
Term
| Side effects to Dopaminergic treatments for parkinsons |
|
Definition
-Stereotypy
-dyskinesias (lots of involuntary movement)
-psychotic symptoms
-compulsive behavior |
|
|
Term
| Non-Dopaminergic Treatments for parkinsons |
|
Definition
-Muscarinic ACh Antagonists (block the ACh muscarinic pathways, allow DA to use them instead!)
-Experimental treatments
this include D1 agonists, adenosine A2A agonists, and surgeries! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muscarinic ACh antagonist!
Blocks ACh receptor
-Can be used as treatment for parkinsons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ACh muscarinic antagonist
Block ACh receptor
-Can be used as treatment for parkinsons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ACh muscarinic antagonist
Block ACh receptor
-Can be used as treatment for Parkinsons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muscarinic ACH antagonist
Blocks ACh receptor
-Can be used to treat parkinsons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An intentional lesion created in your globus pallidus (basal ganglia), in order to restore chemical balance
-Used to treat parkinsons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Implantation of stimulating electrodes into the brain, usually basal ganglia area in order to restore chemical balance
-Used to treat parkinsons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mental thought disorder characterized by breaking down in thinking and poor emotional responses |
|
|
Term
| Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
Positive means "extra" behavior/ stimuli
-delusions
-hallucinations
-disorganized speech
-grossly disorganized behavior |
|
|
Term
| Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
Negative as in a lack of behavior/ stimuli
-catatonia (lack of movement)
-flat affect
-lack of speech
-avolition/ lack of motivation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lack of movement
-is a symptom of schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When people experience lots of positive symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When people experience lots of negative symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Subtypes of Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Paranoid, Disorganized, catatonic, residual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An impairment in neuropsychological tasks related to the frontal lobe of the brain. It is caused from a lack of bloodflow and blowflow activity relative to other brain areas!
-Seen frequently in those with Schizophrenia! |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia and the Brain |
|
Definition
-Enlarged Ventricles
-Reductions in frontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus
-cellular disorganization in hippocampus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AKA Major Tranquilizers (neuroletpics)
(Benzodiazapines are minor ones)
-primarily used to manage positive symptoms/psychosis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder |
|
|
Term
| Antipsychotics on Parkinsonism |
|
Definition
Antipsychotic induce parkinsonism
(suppressed locomotion, apopmorphine sterotypy, blcok amphetamine locomotion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Another Motor Side effect of antipsychotic drugs!
-Facial and lingual abnormal movements
-Seen in 5-17% of schizophrenics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Motor Side effect of antipsychotic
-motor restlessness (relatively uncommon) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Motor Side effect of antipsychotic drugs
-abnormal limb/body movement
-is relatively uncommong |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ONE OF FIRST ANTIPSYCHOTICS
-Created from the rawuwolfia serpentina plant
-This is a first genreation antipsychotic!
-It blocks monoamine (DA, NE, EPI, 5-HT) Storage! This depletes the monamines
-it is used as an antipsychotic to treat schizophrenia
-Can also induce signs of depression (less Monoamines!) |
|
|
Term
| Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) |
|
Definition
ONE OF THE FIRST ANTIPSYCHOTICS
One of the Typical Antipsychotics
-It is a DA antagonist
-Used to treat schizophrenia
-It was originally used as an AntiHistamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ONE OF THE FIRST ANTIPSYCHOTICS
One of the typical antipsychotics
-Originally used to treat schizophrenia
-acts as DA antagonist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ONE OF THE FIRST ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
One of the typical antipsychotics
-Used to treat schizophrenia
-Blocks DA reuptake into the brain, makes less DA used |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ONE OF THE FIRST ANTIPSYCHOTICS
One of the typical antipsychotics
-Used to treat schizophrenia
-It is a DA antagonist, blocks DA receptors |
|
|
Term
| Strong Form Dopamine Hypothesis |
|
Definition
The idea that excessive transmission in DA system directly causes Schizophrenia!
-Most believe weaker DA hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| Wear Form Dopamine Hypothesis |
|
Definition
The idea that DA transmission regulates the process involved in the generation of the symptoms of Schizophrenia
-DA definitely correlates to symptoms
-Most believe this DA theory |
|
|
Term
| Antipsychotic drugs action is on which DA receptor? |
|
Definition
D2! D2 receptors are associated with antipsychotic potency
D1 has no therapeutic effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Another word for the Original antipsychotics. They are:
-Thorazine (chlorpromazine)
-Mellaril (thioridazine)
-Fluphenazine (Prolixin)
-Haldol (Haloperidol) |
|
|
Term
| Clozapine (Clozaril) (Loponex) |
|
Definition
It is known as the 2nd generation or new antipsychotics
-It does block DA receptors, but not very effective at blocking motor effects of stimulants
-very effective when patients don't respond to 1st generation antipsychotics
-VERY EFFECTIVE, Has less motor side (parkinsonian) side effects |
|
|
Term
| One big side effect to clozapine |
|
Definition
It can kill you!
-Produces blood disorder that reduces granulocytes in blood. Impairs your immune system! Must blood test while taking it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Olanzapine (zyprexa)
-Risperidone (risperdal)
-Quetiapine (seroquel)
-Ziprazidone (geodon) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A blood disorder caused by clozapine that greatly damages you immune system by reducing granulocytes |
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitter Action of Clozapine |
|
Definition
Binds to both D1, and D2 receptors. It also binds to Muscarinic ACh receptors, and some 5-HT ones.
-This would explain how atypical antipsychotics effect the motor side effects + negative schizophrenic symptoms better |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Atypical antipsychotic!
-Shares binding characteristics (D1,D2,5-HT,Muscarinic ACH) with clozapine
-does not produce agranulocytosis
-Good Antipsychotic, not as good as clozapine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Atypical antipsychotic!
-Shares binding characteristics (D1,D2,5-HT,Muscarinic ACH) with clozapine
-does not produce agranulocytosis
-Good Antipsychotic, not as good as clozapine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Atypical antipsychotic!
-Shares binding characteristics (D1,D2,5-HT,Muscarinic ACH) with clozapine
-does not produce agranulocytosis
-Good Antipsychotic, not as good as clozapine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Atypical antipsychotic!
-Shares binding characteristics (D1,D2,5-HT,Muscarinic ACH) with clozapine
-does not produce agranulocytosis
-Good Antipsychotic, not as good as clozapine |
|
|
Term
| Cognitive Therapy for Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Counseling setting. Works on working memory/ decision making |
|
|
Term
| Motivational Impairment therapy for Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| Counseling setting. Works on negative symptoms of Schizophrenia, like avolition and lack of motivation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PCP is a NMDA antagonist (Glutamate antagonist). By blocking it, it produces psychosis (positive schizo symptoms)
-Resembles Schizophrenia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Like PCP, is a NMDA antagonist. Causes hallucinations and positive schizo symptoms.
-Resemble Schizophrenia! |
|
|
Term
| Glutamate and Schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| People have found ties with glutmate and schizophrenia. Lack of acitivation in NMDA recpetors and schizophrenia are correlated (and facts from PCP/ Ketamine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sadness, hopelessness, anhedionia, loss of appetite, feelings of worthlessness, suicidal thoughts, agitation, "slowing", fatigue, suicidal thoughts, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Motivational Symptoms and Depression |
|
Definition
Less severe forms of depression have people experience same amount of pleasure, but suffer from the motor/ motivational symptoms (getting people to do stuff!)
-Use behavioral activation therapy! |
|
|
Term
| Behavior Activation therapy |
|
Definition
Getting people to "do stuff"/ be motivated
-Way to help people who are depressed and suffering with the psychomotor / motivation symptoms |
|
|
Term
| ______% Adults will suffer through severe depression at some point in their life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is depression created? |
|
Definition
-Genetic factors
-Environmental stressors! |
|
|
Term
| Depression and Brain activity |
|
Definition
-Specific neural pathology unknown, BUT
-decreased blood flow in prefrontal coretx!
-Decreased volume in hippocampus |
|
|
Term
| Chemical Neuropathology of Depression |
|
Definition
No clear cut neurotransmitter, but there are tendencies:
-decrease in 5-HIAA (5-HT metabolite, less breakdown of serotonin!)
-decrease in NE metabolism
-decrease in HVA (DA metabolite, less DA breakdown) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks Monoamine storage!
-Can induce depressive symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blocks catecholamine (DA,NE,EPI) Synthesis!
-Can induce depression |
|
|
Term
| Neurotransmitters and Depression |
|
Definition
| It is notice that drugs that reduce monoamine synthesis/ usage cause depression! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monamine oxidase
-breakdown monoamines! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MAO inhibitors! block the breakdown of monoamines, keeps more for use
-used as antidperessant drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A type of monoamine oxidase, it breaks down and targets them all! 5-HT and the catacholamines
-MAOa inhibitors are for depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A type of monomine oxidase, it targets and breaks down just DA
-MAOb inhibitors are for parkinsons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This is a MAO inhibitor. Blocks the breakdown of Monoamines. Is not selective, so it protects them all
(5-ht, DA, NE, EPI)
-used as an antidepressant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This is a MAO inhibitor. Blocks the breakdown of Monoamines. Is not selective, so it protects them all
(5-ht, DA, NE, EPI)
-used as an antidepressant |
|
|
Term
| Moclobemide (Moclobamine) |
|
Definition
It is a MAO inhibitor, so it blocks the break down of MAO. It IS selective, on targets MAOa
-targets all MA, used for depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a MAO inhibitor, so it blocks the break down of MAO. It IS selective, on targets MAOb (so only DA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Named that way for their 3 ring structure
-Antidepressant drugs!
-The block 5-HT and NE uptake, use more, less depressed!
EX:
imipramine (Tofranil)
Desiprine (Norpramine)
Trimipramine (Surmontil)
Amytriptyline (Elavil) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tricyclic!
-Antidepressant drugs!
-The block 5-HT and NE uptake, use more, less depressed! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tricyclic!
-Antidepressant drugs!
-The block 5-HT and NE uptake, use more, less depressed!
ACT EQUALLY ON NE AND 5-HT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tricyclic!
-Antidepressant drugs!
-The block 5-HT and NE uptake, use more, less depressed! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tricyclic!
-Antidepressant drugs!
-The block 5-HT and NE uptake, use more, less depressed! |
|
|
Term
| First Generation Anti Depressant Drugs |
|
Definition
NON Selective MAO-I (EX Nardil) and tricyclics (EX tofranil)
*NOTE, All these drugs target NE! |
|
|
Term
| 2nd and 3rd Generation Anti Depressant Drugs |
|
Definition
| Serotonine Selective Uptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Catacholamine Uptake Inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| Serotonin-selective uptake inhibitors |
|
Definition
Drugs that were able to target 5-HT reuptake sites, and not effect reuptake sites of other neurotransmitters! This allowed to regulated the 5-HT levels
-Non toxic like tricyclics
-Used for depression!
-EX:
fluoxetine (prozac)
sertraline (zoloft)
paroxetine (paxil)
Citalpram (Celexa) |
|
|
Term
| Downside to Tricyclic Anti depressants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anti Depressant!
SSRI (serotonin-selective uptake inhibitor)
-targets 5-HT uptake site, does not effect other neurotransmitter! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anti Depressant!
SSRI (serotonin-selective uptake inhibitor)
-targets 5-HT uptake site, does not effect other neurotransmitter! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anti Depressant!
SSRI (serotonin-selective uptake inhibitor)
-targets 5-HT uptake site, does not effect other neurotransmitter! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anti Depressant!
SSRI (serotonin-selective uptake inhibitor)
-targets 5-HT uptake site, does not effect other neurotransmitter! |
|
|
Term
| Catecholamine Uptake Inhibitors |
|
Definition
USED FOR DEPRESSION
-Targets only DA and NE reuptake (no 5-HT, so much safer that tricyclics
Includes:
bupropion (wellbutrin)
nomifensine (merital) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
USED FOR DEPRESSION
-Targets only DA and NE reuptake (no 5-HT, so much safer that tricyclics
-ACTS MOST POTENTLY ON DA AND NE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
USED FOR DEPRESSION
-Targets only DA and NE reuptake (no 5-HT, so much safer that tricyclics
-ACTS EQUALLY ON NE AND DA |
|
|
Term
| Why do antidepressants need chronic administration? |
|
Definition
Acute effects of drug are not highly relevant!
-Chronic administration is needed so body adjusts to life with drug! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Taking a drug over a steady period of time to induce its effect
(antidepressants only give off effect with long time usage) |
|
|
Term
| Changes with Chronic Drug Administration |
|
Definition
-Tolerance (less effect w/ repeated dosing)
-Sensitization (more effect w/ repeated dosing)
-receptors become more/less sensitive
-changes in metabolism (break down) of transmitters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptors on a neuron that allow it to communicate with itself (provide negative feedback/ tell it when to stop firing) |
|
|
Term
| Antidepressant Hypothesis Through Miller |
|
Definition
NE and 5-HT blockers have different mechanisms of action (work differently)!
-NE Uptake blockers depend on NE Synthesis
-5-HT Uptake Blockers do NOT |
|
|
Term
| Animal Models and Depression |
|
Definition
| Animal models are based on effort-related choice behavior (selection of high effect activities) |
|
|
Term
| Non traditional drug treatments for depression |
|
Definition
-St. Johns Wort
-Herbal extract from Hypericum Perforatum PLant
-extracts act to block MA uptake non-specifically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves fluctuations between periods of depression and mania (optimism, irritability, elation, heightened energy, loud rapid speech, extravagant plans) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mania (being happy) without depression
-feeling of elation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drug treatments for Bipolar |
|
Definition
DA antagonists used as antipsychotics!
-especially atypical non-clozapines
-(seroquel, Risperdal, Zyrpexa, Geodon)
ALSO Inlcudes:
lithium, anticonvulsants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Treatment for Schizophrenia and Bipolar!
-Partial DA Agonist! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Types of drugs used to target epileptic seizures, but also help with bipolar!
(even people out)
Include:
divalproex (depakote)
topiramate (Topamax) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is an anticonvulsant, or a drug used to aid people with epileptic seizures, but also helps with bipolar! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is an anticonvulsant, or a drug used to aid people with epileptic seizures, but also helps with bipolar! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a "mood Stabilizer" used to treat bipolar disorder. The chemical effects are unknown, believed to effect c-AMP 2nd messenger signaling |
|
|
Term
| Anxiety + Related Disorders (types of anxiety disorders) |
|
Definition
-Generalized Anxiety
-panic disorder
-phobias
-obsessive compulsion (OCD)
-Post-traumatic Stress (PTSD) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Chonic anxierty, excessive worry, irritability, restlessness, inability to relax, difficulty sleeping, increased heart rate + sweating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-repeated unexpected panic attacks. They are characterized by
-intense fear
-sense of loss of control
-heart palpitations
-choking sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-unrealistic/ exaggerated fear of something that present little danger
-person goes to great lengths to avoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
obsessive compulsion disorder
-unwanted thoughts or behaviors that are difficult to control |
|
|
Term
| Post traumatic stress disorder |
|
Definition
| an anxiety disorder in the aftermath of a traumatic or life threatening situation. Symptoms include flashback, nightmares, fear responses associated with trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antianxiety drugs
The benzodiazapines! (Minor Tranquilizers!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Minor tranquilizer drugs, the have 3 behavioral effects!
-antianxiety
-anticonvulusant (help with seizures)
-sedative (reduce irritability/ relax)
*Sedative at high dose, antianxiety at low!
Includes:
Diazepam (Valium)
Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
Lorazepam (Ativan)
Alprazolarm (Xanax) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is a Benzodiazepine! (minor tranquilizer!)
-used as antianxiety (anxiolytic) drug!
-also used as sedative! |
|
|
Term
| Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) |
|
Definition
It is a Benzodiazepine! (minor tranquilizer!)
-used as antianxiety (anxiolytic) drug!
-also used as sedative! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is a Benzodiazepine! (minor tranquilizer!)
-used as antianxiety (anxiolytic) drug!
-also used as sedative! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is a Benzodiazepine! (minor tranquilizer!)
-used as antianxiety (anxiolytic) drug!
-also used as sedative! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Remember they are positive allosteric modulators!
-Bind to part of GABA receptor, regulates receptor function!
-it regulates how much GABA (Turn down transmitter) you have
-It is on GABA-A CL- ion channel |
|
|
Term
| Animal Test on antianxiety |
|
Definition
| -Based on conflict tests, how avoidant they are too it correlates with anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Involed with the amygdala!
-Emotion and stress!
-stress -> anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
It is a benzodiazepine antagonist!
-Blocks regulation of GABA receptors, less likely to (turn down)
-increase excitability/ irriability/ stress |
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Term
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Definition
It is a Benzodiazepine inverse agonist
-Pumps you up, and is pro conflict!
-produces anxiety and stress |
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Term
| Non Benzodiazepines type of antianxiety drugs |
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Definition
Zolpidem (Ambien)- benzodiazapine agonist
Antidepressants (especially 5-HT uptake Tricylics, SSRIs)
Buspirone (buspar) (5-HT1a partial agonist) |
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Term
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Definition
Binds to same sight as benzidiazepines, acts as an agonist!
-Used for sleep aid! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a serotonin selective partial agonist! It binds to the 5-HT1a receptor, and regulates the serotonin levels |
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Term
| Behavioral Keys to treatment of depression and anxiety |
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Definition
anxiety = learn to relax!
depression = interact with the environment |
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Term
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Definition
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
-short attention span
-easily distracted
-poor impulse control
-emotionally labile
-aggressiveness |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| effects both children and adults |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulants!
-Increase NE (and in theory DA), increase attention! |
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Term
| Methylphenidate (Ritalin) |
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Definition
| It is a stimulant made of d and l amphetamine used to treat ADHD |
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Term
| d-ampheta mine (Dexedrine) |
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Definition
It is a stimulant used to treat ADHD
-increases DA and NE levels by enhancing release and blocking reputake! |
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Term
| d- and l- amphetamine (Adderall) |
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Definition
It is a stimulant used to treat ADHD
-increases DA and NE levels by enhancing release and blocking reputake! |
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Term
| Methamphetamine (Desoxyn) |
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Definition
It is a stimulant used to treat ADHD
-increases DA and NE levels by enhancing release and blocking reputake! |
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Term
|
Definition
It is a stimulant used to treat ADHD
-increases DA and NE levels by enhancing release and blocking reputake! |
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Term
| Lisdexamfetaine (Vyvanse) |
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Definition
It is a stimulant used to treat ADHD
-increases DA and NE levels by enhancing release and blocking reputake! |
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Term
| Side effects of ADHD Treatment (stimulants) |
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Definition
| stereotypy, psychotic reactions, motor stimulant, abuse potential |
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Term
| Brain Areas effected by ADHD |
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Definition
-precise pathology is unknown BUT
-all stimulants used to treat ADHD involve DA and NE |
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Term
| Non stimulant ADHD drug treatment |
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Definition
NE/DA uptake blockers!
Atomoetine (strattera) for example |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a selective NE uptake blocker. Makes the body use more of its NE. Used to treat ADHD via Non psychomotor stimulant! |
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Term
| Alzheimers Disease/ Alzheimer type dementia |
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Definition
Neurodegenerative disorders affecting cognitive function, effects "young" old people
Symptoms
-learning, memory, cognitive impairment
-starts at STM deficit, progresses to LTM
-starts more in "working memory"
-spacial disorientation
-problems with language (word finding) |
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Term
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Definition
| Large abnormal structures in brain you have with Alzheimer's |
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Term
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Definition
Plaques and tangles
As well as neuron death in neocortex! |
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Term
| Alzheimer's and Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
Large loss of neocortical and Hippocampal ACh!
*some loss in NE and 5-Ht has been recorded |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of Ach cells, blocking of muscarinic receptors, and lesion damage to ACh cells in neocortex all impair congnition! ACh is correlated with Cognition! |
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Term
| Drug Treatments for Alzheimers/ Alz Type Dementia |
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Definition
*In general, drugs dont work well
Best ones:
-Anticholinesterases: inhibiting acetylechoninesterase, which inhibits the breakdown of Ach. More for body to use
ALSO: DA antagonists (block DA, promotes more Ach pathway) |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that inhibit acetylchoninesterases. These break down Ach, so when you inhibit it, you allow more Ach for your body! Increase ACh levels! |
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Term
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Definition
| This is an Anticholinesterase! It inhibits actylechoniesterase, and elevates ACh levels! |
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Term
|
Definition
| This is an Anticholinesterase! It inhibits actylechoniesterase, and elevates ACh levels! |
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Term
| Used and Abused Drugs tend to be |
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Definition
-Anxiolytics
-Stimulatns
-Senory drugs like hallucinogens |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern of obsessive drug taking that effects mental and physical health |
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Term
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Definition
| The real/ perceived need of the drug for normal physiological function. results in withdrawal symptoms without drug |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of periodic or chronic intoxication detrimental to the invidual or society, produced by repeated drug taking. Overpowering desire to take drug, like compulsion. Either physical or psychological dependence on effects of drug, tendency to increase dose or frequency of use. |
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Term
| Psychological factors that lead to abuse pattern |
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Definition
-sensation/novelty seeking
-antisocial personality characteristics (breaking laws, impulsivity, etc.)
-anxiety |
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Term
| Drug abusers act as though the have ______ damage |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug effects are a combination of behavioral mechanisms and neurochemical actions!! |
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Definition
-not just "induced" by drug!
-know this |
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Term
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Definition
| Using a drug as a reward for doing something, to get someone to do something, the drug to induce behavior again! |
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Term
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Definition
Using a drug to get someone to NOT do something.
-Drug withdrawal/abstinence are acts as negative reinforcers |
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Term
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Definition
| Act on nicotinic ACh receptors (sympathetic nervous system) |
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Term
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Definition
ACh receptor. Used for Brain + Spinal cord nervous system, or sympathetic nervous system.
-Nicotine is a agonist for nicotinic receptors |
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Term
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Definition
Muscarinic ACh receptor.
-Involves Parasympathetic nervous system
-Receptors linked to Alzheimers |
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Term
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Definition
Replacing the use of a drug with something else to yield the same effect
EX: nicotine gum |
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Term
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Definition
-Substitution
-drug treatments (Zyban, Chantix) |
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Term
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Definition
| Same drug as Wellbutrin, bupropion, but this version is used to treat smoking instead as an anti depressant |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a nicotinic partial agonist. Very effective because it blocks nicotinic receptors from nicotine (full agonist), while still providing some nicotinic effect (partial agonist) |
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Term
|
Definition
They are adenosine receptor antagonists.
-2 adenosine receptors A1, and A2A |
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Term
| Theobromine (Methylxanthines) |
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Definition
| It is a type of Methylxanthine, which is an adenosine receptor antagonist |
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Term
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Definition
| Commonly used drug that acts as minor stimulant. In addition to stimulant (produce DA etc), it is a adenosine antagonist! |
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Term
| Low Doses of Caffeine/ other adenosine antagonists |
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Definition
| -arousal, reduced sleepines, increased alertness, attention, concentration, energy, mood |
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Term
| Moderate/High Doses of Caffeine and other adenosine antagonists |
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Definition
TOO MUCH ENERGY
-restlessness
-anxiety
-insomnia
-cognitive disturbance |
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Term
| Caffeine withdrawals produce.... |
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Definition
-headaches
-inattention
-fatigue |
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Term
| Caffeine on neurotransmitters |
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Definition
When caffeine blocks off A1 receptor, it releases various transmitters, including Da
-Blocking the A2A receptor causes same effects as DA
-Essentially, increase DA levels by a lot, acts a stimulant |
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Term
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Definition
| People with polymorphisms on the A2A gene get anxiety effects, not stimulant ones, when their A2A is blocked by caffeine. |
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Term
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Definition
-Benzodiazepines
-Barbituates
-Chloral Hydrate
Methaqualone (quaalude)
-Ether
-Nitrous Oxide
AND ETHANOL! (Alcohol) |
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Term
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Definition
| At low doses, they produce stimulant effects! Leads to abuse potential |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that produce mild Central nervous system depression and act as sedations (calming drugs) |
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Term
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Definition
This drug is a barbiturate, or a sedative! It works by depressing the CNS system slightly inducing relaxation
-Causes mild stimulant effects at low doses |
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Term
| Chloral Hydrate "Mickey Finn" |
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Definition
This drug is a sedative, or one that reduces irritability or excitement. It is a "relaxer drug"
-At low doses it produces stimulant effects |
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Term
|
Definition
This drug is a sedative, or one that reduces irritability or excitement. It is a "relaxer drug"
-At low doses it produces stimulant effects |
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Term
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Definition
This drug is a sedative, or one that reduces irritability or excitement. It is a "relaxer drug"
-At low doses it produces stimulant effects |
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Term
| Ethanol and Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Acts a lot like the benzodiazepines, binds to GABAa receptors. Facilitates the level of GABA! |
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Term
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Definition
-mild motor stimulation
-relaxation
-euphoria
-antianxiety
-increased aggression |
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Term
| Moderate Doses of Ethanol |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Ethanol (alcohol dehydrogenase) ->acetaldehyde (aldehyde dehydrogenase) -> Acetate |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that breaks down Ethanol alcohol into acetaldehyde |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that breaks down acetaldehyde into acetate |
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Term
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Definition
A metabolite of alcohol. It produces aversion and anxiety.
BODY GETS SICK FROM BREAKDOWN OF ALCOHOL! |
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Term
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Definition
| A metabolite of ethanol alcohol. It produces sedation, motor suppression, incoordination, ataxia, and motor poroblems |
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Term
| Ethanol Alcohol and Genetics |
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Definition
| Genetic factors regarding how sensitive people are to the toxic effects of alcohol/ alcohol metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by Chronic Alcoholism along with vitamin B1 deficit. Produces severe brain damage and memory cognition impairment |
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Term
| Treatments for Alcoholism |
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Definition
-behavior therapies
-substitution with benzidiazepines
-Different kinds of drugs all yield mixed results |
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Term
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Definition
| A drug that inhibits peripheral metabolism of alcohol, produces aversion to it |
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Term
| naltrexone (Revia)and nalmefene (Revex) |
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Definition
| Opiate antagonists, thought to reduce euphoria and craving of alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| Anticonvulsant drug to treat bipolar, but also can be used for alcoholism |
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Term
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Definition
Marijuana!
main ingredient is delta9-THC, which is a cannabinoid CB receptor agonist
HIGHLY lipid soluable, gets through blood brain barrier easily |
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Term
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Definition
Cannbinoids (like weed) that are produced in our body. there are 2:
-anandamide
-2-AG |
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Term
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Definition
| Endogenous Cannabinoid. THC like made in our bodies fatty acid |
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Term
|
Definition
| Endogenous Cannabinoid. THC like made in our bodies fatty acid |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a synthetic CB1 (cannabinoid) agonist. Synthetic Weed! |
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Term
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Definition
An inverse cannabinoid receptor (weed) agonist! it produced opposite effects of weed!
-Used as appetite suppression drug! |
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Term
|
Definition
A pill that contains THC as an active ingredient. Used to:
-increase appetite
-reduce nausea
-glaucoma
-anti-inflammatory |
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Term
| Medical uses of Cannabinoid agonists (like weed) |
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Definition
-increase appetite
-reduce nausea
-glaucoma
-anti-inflammatory |
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Term
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Definition
Narcotic, Psychotic drugs created either synthetically, endogenously, or through the opium poppy Papaver somniferum
EX: codeine, heroin, etc |
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Term
| Opium Poppy active ingredients |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A syntehtic opiate. Can be used to treat pain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A synthetic opiate. Can be used to treat pain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A synthetic opiate. Can be used to treat pain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A synthetic opiate. Can be used to treat pain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Psychoactive Drugs that change peoples thoughts, emotions, perceptions, and consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
-Mescaline (From peyote Cactus)
-myrsticin (nutmeg)
-elemcin (nutmeg and mace)
-DOM "STP"
-MDA "Mellow Drug of America"
-MDMA "Ecstasy" |
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Term
|
Definition
| A monamine hallucinogen occurring from the peyote cactus |
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Term
|
Definition
| A natural monamine halluncinogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| Synthetic monamine Halluncinogen |
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Term
| MDA "Mellow Drug of America" |
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Definition
| Synthetic monoamine Halluncinogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| Synthetic monoamine Halluncinogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| Synthetic monoamine halluncinogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| Indole Halluncinogen made from mushrooms |
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Term
|
Definition
| Halluncinogen whose effects are highest on the 5-HT2a receptor |
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