-more intesne the law enforcement, the more potent the prohibited substance bcomes

-prohibition worked by raising the price (of beer) and decreasing the quantity consumed

-price of beer increased by more than 700%

-brandies 433%

-spirits 270%

-in order to consum roughly an ounce of absolute alcohol you would have to drink either..

-2 12-ounce cans of beer

-1 6-ounce glass of wine

-1 mixed drinking containing 2-2.5 ounces of scotch/gin

-low income drinkers would drink what they could.. rubbing alcohol, hair oil.. etc.

-jake: an extract from jamaican ginger

-the treasurey department required ginger solids to be extract- making it unpalatable

-bootleggers adulterated it with TOCP.. a neurotoxin

-50,000 people suffered paralysis as a result of drinking the contaminated alcohol (jamaican ginger)

-a future characterized by safe and healthy families and communities

-four broad goals

-protect florida's youth

-reduce the demand for drugs

-reduce the supply of drugs

-reduce the harmful consequences of drug abuse and addiction

-independent: price (retail price OR tax rates)

-dependent:

-measures of the quantity, prevalence, or frequency of alcohol sold or consumed

-measures of heavy consumption or intoxication

-change in the quantity of drugs demanded (or consumed) in response to changes in price

-percent change in quantity demanded (or consumed) to the percent change in price

-elastic: highly responsive to changes in price

-inelastic: weakly responsive to changes in price

-represents a cross section of professional command officers involving every state

-survey questions were posed by mail of over 22k chiefs of police and sheriffs in the US

-telephone interviews of 300 chiefs of police

-stratified to represent a cross secton of police departments

-from large, medium, and small communities

-quantity

-is this the 1st offence?

-civil/criminal

-record expungement

-conditional dismissal of charges

-enforcement

-it is not a criminal offense if its..

-possession of small amounts for personal use

-casual distribution of small amounts for no payment/compensation

-no prison time or criminal record for 1st time possession of a small amount for personal use.

-13 states have decriminalizaed

-it does not address black market problems

-without establishing a legal adult market for cannabis, there is still

-no quality control

-no tax revenue

-no reduction in prohibition-related violence

-no reduction in drug-related police corruption

-blacks are 24% more likely to use when compared to the white rate

-the black arrest rate is 3 TIMES higher than the white arrest rate

-they are relatively safe, nonviolent, clean, and easy

-demonstrate productivity

-collars for dollars: easy arrests at end of shift generate overtime pay for police officers

-generate records and facilitate supervision of police activities

-accumulate fingerprints, photographs, and DNA

-routine misdemeanor enforcement resources can be easily shifted (in emergencies or for securing dignitaries)

-its a 'structural' problem, not rooted in individual prejudice

-stop and frisk operations target areas for high-crime.

-there arrests are easy because..

-residents know the routine

-poor residents lack political/social connections that might embarass or cause problems for the officer

-possession of less than 20 grams is a misdemeanor, with collateral punishments including

-5 year ban on adoption or foster parent eligibility

-minimum 6-month revocation of driving privaleges

-possession of over 20 grams in florida is a felony

-3 year ban on eligibility for public housing

-denial of bright futures

-lifeban ban on possession of firearms

-1 ounce

-can result in 5 years in prison and a 5k fine

-florida can seize any personal property (cars, money, land, houses, bank accounts) involved in..

-actual or constructive possession of cannabis

-attempting to acquire cannabis

-numerous studies have

-compared countries, state/territories, and menicipalities

-looked at changes over time

-examined a variety of penalty reductions

-reducing penalties (while maintaining illegality) DOESNT result in any increase in use

-trends in cannabis use are largely independent of the penalties which apply

-only 5 to 10 percent of variance in use is explained by variations in the expected likelihood or severity of punishment

-adults arent punished for possessing or consuming a small amount of cannabis

-the production and distribution of cannabis is technically still illegal

-this is because law enforcement tolerate small amounts in coffee shops

-all signatory nations must take necessary steps to limit

-production/manufacture

-export/import

-distribution/trade

-use/possesion

-however, these offenses shall be, "prosecuted and punished in conformity with the domestic law" of the signatories

-world health organization gathered directly comparable data on use from 17 different countries

-US ranks 1st in lifetime use (42%)

-in holland the cannabis use is only 20%

-refers to methods of research and to using 2 sources of info to focus on a single phenomenon

-if the sourced agree, researchers call this multiple confirmation

-disposable income

-social norms

-religiousity

-family stability

-assumption of adult roles

-no way of knowing

-all developed countries prohibit (at least by law) the sale of cannabis

-no country has crossed the symbolic threshold to a legal market

-studies of small changes in penalties only find small effects on use

-but a bigger policy changes (removal of all penalties and creaton of a legal market) could result in a bigger increase in use

-when respondents can select the appropriate penalty support for decriminalization is considerably higher

-72% of americans think adults who use recreationally should be fined, not jailed

-only 19% favored jailing recreational marijuana users

-prohibits the adult possession of less than 20 grams of marijuana for personal use

-the sale of marijuana for payment doesnt count as personal use

-provides for a fine of no more than $100 for each violation

-discovered that infections could be communicated from one patient, through medical staff, to other patients, from cadavers.

-committed suicide before his beliefs were accepted

-medical addicts, mostly white, middle class, middle aged women (largest)

-opium smokers, mostly chinese immigrants

-criminal morphine addicts

-perhaps most powerful late 19th century antiliquor lobby

-supported womens rights, suffrage, world peacem and laws against rape

-legally banned the distribution of all beverages containing more than .5 percent alcohol

-empowered the federal government to enforce the law

-prohibited interstate commerce in adulterated or misbrnaded food and drugs

-created by the FDA

-didnt outlaw sale of medicines that contained opiates and cocaine, it made it so they had to be listed on the product label

-also called the international opium commission

-convened representatives from 13 countries, presided over by hamiliton wright

-father of american narcotic laws

-used to placate chinese interests

-international conference on opium

-representative from 12 nations attended

-the US proved to be the most insistent that each country inact its own narcotic legislation

-other representatives were skeptical

-opened the door for domestic narcotics legislation, which took the form of the harrison act

-dr wright resolved to draft a bill that would eliminate all nonmedical use of narcotics

-happened after the defeat of the fosters bill. this act was not very different from the fosters bill.

-it was too ambiguous. no agreement on how to interpret it. it wasnt even clear what was and wasnt illegal

-some believe it causes problems, and produced out current extreme drug problem

-didnt change addicts.. jut made medical addicts less prevalent. recreational usage remained constant.

-angslinger was its first commissioner

-created because marijuana wasnt included in the harrison act

-aimed to pass a uniform state narcotic act, ensuring the same drug laws were enacted across the US

-3 provisions

-requirement that all manufacturers, dealers, and practictioners register and pay an occupational tax

-requirement that all transactions be accompished through use of written order forms

-imposition of a tax on all transfer in the amount of $1 per ounce for transfer to registered persons and a prohibitive $100 per ounce for transfer to unregistered persons

-bill superseded and replaced all prior federal drug legislation.

-also called comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act

-state laws could still enact their own legislation, but federal law will always have all control

-orgininally designed to address drug research, rehab, and education

-authorized the national commission on marihuana and drug abuse

-controlled substance act authorized this

-2 year study was conducted by them, which published its report.

-made recommendations about drug policy, but was largely ignored by nixon

-I ..high potential for abuse and have no medical use (heroin, LSD, marijuana, ecstasy, GHB)

-II.. high potentional for abuse but have some medical utility. (cocaine, meth, opium, methadon, morphine, codeine)

-III through V.. have medical utility and lower potential for abuse.

-III.. barbiturates, nonamphetamine stimulents, percodan, darvon.

-IV.. valium, other tranquilizers, extremely slow acting barbiturates such as phenoberbital

-V.. robitussin, kopectate, lomotil, cheracol

-classifies certain drugs from schedule I drugs up to schedule V.

-tells how addictive they are and how much medical utility each has.

-experimented with stabilizing addicts with methadone, a long-acting narcotic.

-jaffe saw nyswander's lectures and began studying methadone and heroin users in jail

-underplayed the seriousness of the drug problem in jails for the number of heroin users incarcerated. (and was skeptical on methadone maintanence)

-government controlled report

-contrasted jaffe's findings, who thought there was a huge problem with drug seriousness and jail.

-schuchard and a neighbor formed this to fight teenage drug abuse

-was in reponse to borne's controversy (who was part of the carter commission)

-borne was caught using cocaine and was at the time a very highly respected part of carter's team focusing on drugs.

-absolute: great deal of inaccuracy in surveys.

-if 5% of a sample say they used cocaine, chances are if we had a better way, it'd probably actually be 10%

-relative: likely to be reasonably accurate.

-respondents who said they used cocaine are much more likely to have done so than those who said they hadn't

-method of research

-refers to the way that repondents in a survey are chosen

-no one can survey every single person in a given population

-descriptive statistics: describe what something is like in quantitative terms (numbers)

-inferential statistics: attempt to measure cause and effect relationships between and amond 2 or more factors or variables.

-pharmacologists: interested in the effects of drugs in a lab or hospital setting

-criminologists and sociologists: interested in drug use in the naturalistic settings.. on the street, in the home, on the job, in school, etc.

-DUF's name was changed to ADAM

-eric wish established this.

-each year a sample is drawn in the countries in which the most of the nation's largest cities are located.

-sample includes DWI, violent crimes, property crimes, drug crimes, and domestic violence crimes

-people who have committed one of these crimes are approached and asked to be interviewed and drug tested.

-confidential

-85% agree to an interview, and of these 95% agree to a urine test.

-gives a clear picture of drug by drug, county by county, year by year basis on arrestees

-info collected on 2 crucial drug abuse events

-emergency department episodes (ED)

-medical examiner reports (ME)

-finds number of acute medical complications caused by certain drugs

-gives rough idea of how dangerous they are.

-emergency department episodes ED: nonlethal, drug related event that results in an emergency department visit to a facility with 24-hour services.

-psychotic episode, suicide, accidental ingestion, allergic reaction

-medical examiner reports ME: deaths caused by one of more drugs, as reported by a city or county coroner or a ME.

-part of the DAWN program

-only acute drug reactions that occur directly after an episode of use

-3 main drugs that appear consistantly in both ED and ME figures

-heroin, cocacine, alcohol

-representative sample of 15,000 or so high school seniors about their use and attitudes towards specific legal and illegal drugs

-4 levels of use for each drug are used

-life time prevalence, whether they ever used the drug

-annual prevalence, how many times the past year

-30 day prevalence

-daily use, or use on 20 or more of the past 30 days

-limitations: absentees from school and also drop outs

-orginally national household survey on drug abuse

-yearly surveys of drug use

-asks about similar things that the monitoring the future survey does (MTF)

-prevalence rates

-less useful for subsamples in the population that are rare, such as herion and crack addicts

-judgmental heruistic: public basis its notion of the frequency of behavior not on logic, but on 'rules of thumb,' that are illusionary.

-availability heuristic: widespread tendency to believe that phenomena that readily come to mind are more common than they actually are.

-vividness: powerful factor. people tend to recall whats dramatic and vivid in their mind

-also known as loyalty rates

-rate that people will continue to use a drug

-most important faactor of a drug's pattern of use

-continuance rates lead to this

-rate by which how heavily used it is by those who take it

-prevalence rates

-continuance rates

-consumption levels

-life cycle rates

-projections backwards in time, based on the person's age and the age at which he bean using

-can estimate drug use patterns as far back as 1960.

-dramatic decline in 1978-1980, right after its high point

-early 1990s made it appear as if it were on the rise again

-administration of psychoactive chemicals has replaced 'talking,' therapies for mental disorders

-represents perhaps the most significant change in the history of psychiatry

-states the effects of alcohol are determined principally by the volume of pure alcohol that is consumed, rather than the drink itself.

-has periodically issued summary reports assessing alcohol's impact on health.

-has found that

-total cost of alcohol abuse is 185 billion

-alcohol alone involved in substance related violence in one quarter of all incidents, a total of 2.7 million acts of violence per year, alcohol is used with other drugs

-about 900,000 residents suffer from cirrhosis of the liver, caused by heavy drinking

-immune deficiencies are often caused by alcohol abuse which lead to extreme diseases such as HIV and hepatitis

-heavy drinkers have twice the amount of mental disorder compared to abstainers

-head of a major cigarette manufacturer

-did a study on how addictive nicotine was on rats

-obviously found it was extremely addicting

-never published the experiment

-refers to antipsychotics and antidepressants

-book broadens this to include sedatives and tranquilizers

-are general depressants (sedative-hypnotic)

-they retard signals passing through the central nervous system

-alcohol, barbiturates (central nervous sytem depressants derived from barbiturate acid)

-more toxic than the sum of their seperate effects

-a 'doubling,' effect .. xanax and alcohol

-sedative hypotics in large doses

-valium, equanil, miltown, xanax..

-once referred to as 'major,' tranquilizers

-for individuals with major psychiatric problems.

-used in treatment of psychosis, do not create a high.

-almost never used recreationally

-include phenothizines.. which may have side effects such as bizarre movements of any part of the mouth, facial tics, tremors, shuffling walk.

-the principal mood disorder is depression

-also called mood elavators

-classified by pharmacologists according to their chemical structure and mechanism for action

-schizophrenia

-antipsychotics are effective

-perception of reality is bizarre and delusional

-depression

-affect emotions rather than intellect

-opposite of schizophrenia or other thought disorders

-also called manic-depressive disorder

-depressive symptoms alternated with mania.

-feelings of grandiose, expansive, agitated, delusional, hyperkinetic, and easily distracted and wildly erratic in behavior and judgment.

-dropped in 1920

-peeked in 1970 and has been declining since

-drug prohibition hasnt raised drug priceds to nearly the degree in most accounts