Term
| How is Nicotine Absorbed? |
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Definition
- Absorbed through oral, cheeks/mouth, nasal mucosa, GI Tract & Lungs
- Delivery effects absorption
- (longer contact = greater absorption)
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Term
| Cig Use among Schizo's & nicotine's effects on symptoms |
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Definition
- 80% smoke
- extract more nicotine than other smokers
- Nicotine reduces the negative symptoms, mainly, Affective Flattening
- increases metabolization of of antipsychotic meds, needing higher doses
- increase dopamine functioning in frontal cortex/limbic system
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Term
| Treatment Approaches for Nicotine Addiction |
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Definition
- Behavioral programs (phone/online)
- Replacement Therapies (lozengers/patches/gum)
- Other drugs that reduce cravings (Bupropion)
- Harm Reduction (e-cig)
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Term
| Relationship between Smoking & Caffeine Metabolism |
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Definition
- Smokers metabolize caffeine more quickly
- Liver does most of metabolizing in both
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Term
| Adenosine Hypothesis (caffeine) |
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Definition
- Adenosine leads to behavioral sedation
- Regulation of oxygen delivery to cells
- Dilation of cerebral & coronary blood vessels
- Leads to production of asthma
- Caffeine occupies adenosine receptors and block action
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Term
| Physiological Effects of Nicotine |
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Definition
- Higher doses = more depressant due to biphasic effects
- ACH Agonist (enhancer)
- alertness, learning, memory
- Cardiovascular System
- stimulates heart rate and increases demand for oxygen
- Relaxes skeletal muscles
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Term
| Physiological Effects of Caffeine |
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Definition
- Stimulates CNS activity
- Decrease in fatigue
- Increase in vigilance
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Term
| Cause of Nicotine Toxicity |
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Definition
- as toxic as cyanide
- 60 mg can kill a human (30-40 cigs)
- Used to be an insecticide
- most incidents of toxicity is a result of exposure from farming
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Term
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Definition
- The brain area in which Antipsychotics act to moderate blunt emotional arousal.
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Term
| Effect of Antipsychotics on the Brain |
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Definition
- Reticular Activating Systems
- Moderate spontaneous activity
- Decrease reactions to stimuli
- Limbic System: moderates emotional arousal
- Hypothalamus: modulates metabolism, alertness, muscle tone
- Prefrontal Cortex: decision making & working memory
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Term
| Dopamine Hypothesis (antipsychotics) |
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Definition
- Amphetamine-induced psychosis reduced through drug
- Psychosis created by increasing dopaminergic activity
- Most antipsychotics block dopamine receptors
- LIMITS: symptom relief takes weeks & must reduce dopamine to below normal levels
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Term
| Abuse Potential (antipsychotics) |
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Definition
- not abused often due to side effects (involuntary motor movements)
- Seroquel only known abused (sedative effect)
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Term
| Neurotransmitters involved in Depression |
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Definition
- Deficiency of Norepinephrine & Serotonin
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Term
| Cross-Tolerance of Alcohol & Psychotherapeutic Drugs |
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Definition
- produce drunken state (similar effects)
- loss of motor coordination
- similar withdrawal effects
- Both CNS Depressants
- tolerance in one drug = lessened response in similar one
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Term
| Ketamine Treatment for Depression |
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Definition
- single dose reduces suicidal idealation within 4 hrs
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Term
| Consequences of inhalant use |
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Definition
- Brain Damage
- Respiratory Problems
- Headaches
- Hallucinations/Delusions
- Death from asphyxiation
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Term
| O-T-C Cold Medicine Abuse |
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Definition
- Robitussin (contains DXM)
- abused by youth due to availability
- effects similar to PCP
- euphoria, altered sensation/perception, dissociation
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Term
| Vulnerable Population to Antidepressant Use |
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Definition
- People w/ bi-polar disorder
- Women
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Term
| Alcohol & Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
- CNS depressant
- Penetrates cells to reduce efficiency and inhibit neurotransmitter transmission
- Acts on GABA-benzodiazepine receptors
- Increases Serotonin & Dopamine activity
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Term
| Alcohol as a Dangerous Drug |
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Definition
- affects most organs in the body
- cold turkey can lead to death
- individual & societal consequences
- Harm score at its highest
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Term
| DSM-IV-TR alcohol withdrawal criteria |
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Definition
- Cessation of use (prolonged & heavy)
- at least 2 (occuring hours-days after cessation)
- sweating/high pulse rate
- increased hand tremor, insomnia, nausea, anxiety etc
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Term
| Influences on Rate of Absorption (alcohol) |
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Definition
- Eating before or during consumption
- rate of drinking
- carbonation
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Term
| Cause of Wernicek-Korsakoff's Syndrome |
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Definition
- Combination of extreme nutritional deficiency & chronic heavy drinking
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Term
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Definition
- confusion, loss of memory, inability to focus the eye
- reversible w/ B1 treatment
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Term
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Definition
- due to alcohol consumption
- considerable confusion
- impairment in LT memory
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Term
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Definition
- mainly metabolized in liver
- detoxified and removed from blood through Oxidation
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Term
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Definition
- Marijuana's psychoactive agent
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Term
| Marijuana & Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
- psychotropic action in the brain
- Acetylcholine (memory)
- Release of Serotonin
- Enchances activation of movement in dopamine system
- CB1 = memory, cognition, motor system, mood
- CB2 = Immune System
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Term
| Medical Uses of Marijuana |
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Definition
- counters nausea/vomiting in chemotherapy & some radiation treatment for cancer
- Glaucoma
- decreases intraocular pressure
- Other uses
- muscle spasm, anxiety, depression, chronic pain, insomnia, hypertension
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Term
| Side Effects of Marijuana |
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Definition
- psychoactive effects (high)
- lowers sperm count
- possible deform effect on fetus
- decrease in motor activity
- cotton mouth
- most common = cardiovascular
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Term
| Marijuana Use & Development of Psychosis |
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Definition
- 40% more likely ti develop psychotic disorder
- Relationship is bi-directional
- Target prevention for ppl w/ increased risk of schizophrenia
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Term
| Routes of Administration & Associated Absorption (Marijuana) |
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Definition
- smoking (20% THC absorbed) (depends on potency)
- oral ingestion: slower, inefficient
- has to be absorbed through GI tract
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Term
| Effects of Stimulants at High Doses (>60mg) |
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Definition
- Psychotic State: paranoid delusions, hallucinations, stereotype behavior
- OD death depends on tolerance, drug interactions, enzyme deficiency
- Increased risk of heart attack, respiratory collapse, convulsions & seizures
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Term
| Effects of Smoked vs. Snorted Cocaine |
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Definition
- Smoked: faster onset of action, short high, need another to avoid crash
- Snorted: 10-15mins before action begins, lasts 20-80mins, metabolized rapidly
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Term
| Stimulants & Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
- produce a lot of activity in neural pathways
- Monoamine
- Cocaine/Amphetamines block reuptake of Dopamine, Serotonin, & Norepinephrine
- Ritalin & Amphetamines increase dopaminergic activity
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Term
| Acute Tolerance to Cocaine |
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Definition
- Effects of 1st administration NOT produced by 2nd unless higher dose is ued
- dissipates in 24 hrs
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Term
| Mood Effects of Cocaine Withdrawal |
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Definition
- Depression, anxiety, change in appetite, sleep disturbance, cravings
- Why?
- dependence (chasing 1st high)
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Term
| Methamphetamine vs. Amphetamine |
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Definition
- Amphetamine
- legal uses (adderall, dexedrin)
- methylated once
- Methampetamine
- methyated twice (illegal)
- synthesized from ephedrine, turns into amphetmaine after metabolized
- HIGHLY addictive
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Term
| Trends in Rates of Opiate Abuse |
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Definition
- heroin on the rise
- avg. start - 21 yrs old (heroin & pain relievers)
- Overall increase in % of using nonmedical from ages 12-25
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Term
| Heroin Overdose Treatment |
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Definition
- Use of Naloxone
- counteracts effect of overdose immediately
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Term
| Heroin & Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
- Endorphins regulate dopamine release
- Endorphins are a part of natural pain-relief system
- Trigger activity in endorphin system (higher effect than norm)
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Term
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Definition
- Designed to treat chronic & severe pain (physical & emotional)
- sedative designed to depress nervous system
- Most Publicized = Oxycontin
- i.e. oxycodone, morphine, codeine
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Term
| Native Region of Poppy Plant |
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Definition
- Middle East areas that border Mediterranean Sea
- Afghanistan produces 90% of world's opium
- Today, also comes from Southwest Asia
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