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Dr. Mike Exam #2
N/A
51
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/13/2009

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Term
What type of reactions are catalyzed by proteins and enzymes?
Definition
Redox reactions.
Term
What type of reactions involve capturing energy and storing it in molecules such as nucleotides?
Definition
Metabolic reactions.
Term
What is the first rule of thermodynamics?
Definition
Energy is not created or destroyed, it is only converted from one form to another.
Term
What is the second rule of thermodynamics?
Definition
When left alone, systems will go from higher energy, ordered states to lower energy, more disordered states.
Term
When left alone, systems will go from higher energy, ordered states to lower energy, more disordered states. What is this called?
Definition
Entropy.
Term
Is photosynthesis resisting or following entropy? Why or why not?
Definition
Resisting, the organism is capturing light photons and building them into higher levels of organisation.
Term
Is decomposition resisting or following entropy? Why or why not?
Definition
Following, the energy stored in the decomposing body is being digested/rotted away to a lower level of entropy.
Term
What are enzymes?
Definition
Enzymes are catalytic proteins that change reactions rates without being consumed in the process.
Term
How do enzymes activate their specific target?
Definition
Their shapes vary and specific enzymes act to catalyze specific reactions. This is a "lock and key" model.
Term
What is something that assists enzymes in catalyzing reactions?
Definition
A cofactor.
Term
What are some examples of cofactors?
Definition
Vitamins.
Term
What is the main job of an enzyme?
Definition
To release the products by simply breaking bonds of a substrate, and/or by the addition of molecules of water (hydrolysis).
Term
What happens with competitive inhibitors?
Definition
They occupy the same space as a substrate without activating the enzyme.
Term
What happens with non-competitive inhibitors?
Definition
They occupy an allosteric site and change the shape of the activation site disallowing the use of the activation site.
Term
What is an example of some competitive/non-competitive inhibitors?
Definition
Snake venom.
Term
When NAD+ gains an electron what does it change into?
Definition
NADP.
Term
How does ATP transfer its energy?
Definition
It transfers the energy in it by breaking its phosphate bonds and transferring the energy to enzyme catalyzed reactions.
Term
What does ATP turn into after it has transferred its energy?
Definition
ADP and a Pi (inorganic phosphate ion)
Term
What does ADP turn into when it transferrers its energy?
Definition
An AMP and a Pi (inorganic phosphate ion)
Term
What is used to catalyze ATP synthesis?
Definition
ATP synthase located in mitochondria is used to stimulate theproduction using the oxidation of organic fuels
Term
What is substrate phosphorlyzation of nucleotides?
Definition
The transferring of energy from fuel to nucleotide.
Term
What is endosymbiosis of mitochondria and eukaryote cells?
Definition
Endosymbiosis of mitochondria and eukaryote cells is a partnership that strips the most energy from fuel and passes it to form ATP in the reactions that are called Cellular Respiration.
Term
How many ATP are acquired from one Glucose?
Definition
36 to 38.
Term
Where does glycolysis happen?
Definition
In the cytoplasm of a cell.
Term
What is the carbon budget of glycolysis?
Definition
Glycolysis starts with a 6-carbon sugar and finishes with two - three carbon pyruvates
Term
What is the overall net of glycolsys?
Definition
Glycolysis nets 2-ATP molecules and 2-NADH molecues (NADH molecules go to the mitochondria unless no oxygen is available, in which case it is used in fermentation so that NAD+ can cycle back to the glycolytic pathway).
Term
What happens in fermentation?
Definition
NADH is oxidized to allow fermentation to proceed so that NAD+ can be cycled back to continue Glycolysis' production of (net) 2 ATP's
Term
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
Definition
Pyruvate decarboxylation takes place exclusively inside mitochondrial intermembrane matrix.
Term
What is the goal of pyruvate oxidation?
Definition
Pyruvate oxidation (decarboxylation) uses pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA.
Term
What is the Carbon budget of pyruvate oxidation?
Definition
Starts off with 6-carbons (two pyruvates from glycolysis), and it releases two molecules of Carbon dioxides, left with two 2-carbon acetyl-CoA molecules.
Term
What is the overall net of pyruvate oxidation?
Definition
Two molecules of NADH are reduced to two 2-carbon acetyl-CoA molecules.
Term
Where does the Krebs cycle happen?
Definition
Krebs cycle happens in the mitochondrial inner matrix.
Term
What is the carbon budget of the Krebs cycel?
Definition
Starts with 4-carbons (two acetyl-CoA 's).
Term
What is the net of the Krebs cycle?
Definition
Four molecules of CO2, two molecules of ATP, six molecules of NADH, and two molecules of FADH2
Term
What is the point of NADH?
Definition
NADH transfers the chemical bond energy (electrons) to the electron transport chain where that energy will be used to reduce 32-34 ATP's
Term
Where is the Electron Transport Chain located?
Definition
In the intermembrane space, cristae, and matrix of mitochondria.
Term
What is the carbon budget of the ETC?
Definition
Zero carbons after the Krebs cycle.
Term
What is the order of the oxidation of glucose?
Definition
Glycolysis > Pyruvate Oxidation > Fermentation (If nessecary) > Krebs cycle > Electron Transport Chain
Term
What is the energy budget of the ETC?
Definition
10 NADH and 2 FADH2 molecules.
Term
What is the net of ETC?
Definition
32 - 34 ATP molecules.
Term
What is chemiosmosis?
Definition
In the aqueous environment of the mitochondria, after being pumped into the intermembrane space, H+ can diffuse back through the cristae into the matrix
Term
What happens if oxygen is not available during the ETC?
Definition
Fermentation.
Term
What is Beta Oxidation?
Definition
Fatty acids are oxidized two carbons at a time in enzyme catalyzed reactions.
Term
What is the Carbon budget of Beta oxidation?
Definition
1 ATP.
Term
How much ATP will an FADH2 molecule produce?
Definition
2 ATP.
Term
How much ATP will an NADH molecule produce?
Definition
3 ATP.
Term
How much ATP does one acetyl CoA produce?
Definition
12 ATP.
Term
How many ATP does Glycolsis produce?
Definition
2 ATP.
Term
How many ATP does Krebs cycle produce?
Definition
2 ATP
Term
How many ATP does the ETC produce?
Definition
32 - 34.
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