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Definition
Distrupt host cell function
Produce waste products
Toxins
Making cells more acidic=killing them
Bacteria robs you iron from body, this can make you anemic |
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Definition
| Substance that contributes to pathogenicity |
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Definition
| Ability to produce a toxin |
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Definition
Presence of toxin in the host's blood
Emia=blood |
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Term
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Definition
Inactivated toxin used in a vaccine
The toxin is what makes you sick
You are given the antigen, you body will now start to make antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
Antibodies against a specific toxin
Given premade antibodies
Mostly made from animals |
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Term
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Definition
Proteins produced inside pathogenic bacteria
Most commonly Gram-positive bacteria, as part of their growth and metabolism
Then secreted into surrounding medium during log phase
Example: Clostridium botulinum |
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Definition
Lipid A
Lipid portions of lipopolysaccharides(LPS)that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria
Endotoxins are liberated when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart
Example: Salmonella typhimurium |
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Term
| Membrane-disrupting toxins |
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Definition
Lyse host's cells by:
*Making protein channels in the plasma membrane
-Leukocidins-Killing white blood cells
-Hemolysins-Kill(burst)red blood cells
-Streptolysins-specific to strep
*Disrupting phospholipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
VERY BEST ANTIGEN IS PROTEIN, then polysaccharides
DNA & lipid are not good antigens because the immune system will just think of it as your DNA and lipid and won't attack
Staph is superantigen
Cause an intense immune response due to release of cytokines(signalling molecule)from host cells
Symptoms:fever, nausae, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, and death
Whole body becomes septic
Antigen=foreign object that immune system tries to attack(respond to)
Lupus=immune system attacking it's own DNA |
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Term
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Definition
Source=mostly Gram-positive
Relation to microbe=by-products of growing cell(living cell)
Chemistry=Protein(immune system will respond, we can make vaccines for this)
Fever?=NO
Neutralized by antitoxin?=Yes
LD50=Small(very potent) |
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Term
| Exotoxins and lysogenic conversion |
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Definition
Corynebacterium diphtheriae=A-B toxin, lysogeny(infection organism is normal flora in the throat, the toxins will kill you though)
Streptococcus pyogenes=Membrane-disrupting erythrogenic toxin, lysogeny
Clostridium botulinum=A-B toxin, neurotoxin, lysogeny
C. tetani=A-B toxin, neurotoxin, NOT lysogeny
Vibrio cholerae=A-B toxin, enterotoxin(associated with the gut), lysogeny
Staphylococcus aureus=Superantigen, lysogeny |
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Term
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Definition
Source=Gram-negative
Relation to microbe=outer membrane
Chemistry=Lipid A(not good antigen, immune system won't respond)
Fever?=Yes
Neutralized by antitoxin?=NO
LD50=Relatively large
Antibiotics will kill them, but when they die, they release the Lipid A which will make you even more sick because it is releasing the endotoxin |
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Definition
Fever producing
Prostaglandin=the immune system is telling the body that it is cold, causes a fever.
106C adult brain damage starts
104C children brain damage starts |
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| Some cytopathic effects of viruses |
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Definition
Inclusion body
Cytoplasmic mass-process of making one giant cell with multiple nuclei |
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Definition
This is how we spread disease
Respiratory tract
-Coughing and sneezing
Gastrointestinal tract
-Feces and saliva
Genitourinary tract
-Urine and vagina secretions
Skin-leave by skin cells sloughing off, needs to get out of body
Blood-Arthropods that bite, needles or syringes |
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Definition
Lack of resistance to a disease
No prior immunity-->susceptible |
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Definition
| Ability to ward off disease |
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Definition
| Defenses against ANY pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| Immunity or resistance to a SPECIFIC pathogen |
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Term
| Innate immunity: First line of defense |
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Definition
Intact skin
Mucous membranes and their secretions
Normal microbiata |
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Term
| Innate immunity: Second line of defense |
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Definition
Phagocytes, such as neutrophilis, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages
Inflammation
Fever
Antimicrobial substances |
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Term
| Adaptive immunity: Third line of defense |
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Definition
Specialized lymphocytes:
-T cells and B cells
Antibiodies
B cells make antibiodies |
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Term
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Definition
Host Toll-like receptors(TLR's) attach to pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMP's)
-Receptors on human cells that recognize various common bacterial substances such as peptidoglycan
TLR's induce cytokines(signaling molecule) that regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses(tells the immune system how bad infection is, how long it will last, and how many cells to make |
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Term
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Definition
Skin
Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with
-Keratin, a protective protein
Makes skin waterproof and it is why most bacteria can't get in through skin
Most bacteria if it gets in through skin is headed for the dermis to get into the bloodstream
Mucous membranes
Mucus: traps microbes
Ciliary escalator: transports microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs
Lacrimal apparatus: washes eyes(first line of defense)
Saliva: washes microbes off(keep swallowing microbe, the stomach kills quite a bit of the microbes)
Urine: flows out(if you don't drink enough, you can get urinary tract infections)
Vaginal secretions: flow out |
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Term
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Definition
Immune tissue
In the nose, the tears that leave the eye through the lacrimal canal if they touch the lymphoid tissue then it will instantly start to form antibodies.
Contact lenses get in the way of the lacrimal apparatus, it thins out the cornea by wearing contacts.
Best contact solution is made of peroxide, can't take out early because the peroxide hasn't converted to water yet, take around 8 hours. |
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Term
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Definition
Fungistatic(inhibits fungi) fatty acid in sebum(oil on skin)
Low pH(3-5) of skin
Lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine
Low pH(1.2-3.0)of gastric juices
Low pH(3-5) of vaginal secretions
Lysozyme=cuts peptidoglycan thus killing bacteria, found in white blood cells |
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Term
| Normal microbiota and innate immunity |
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Definition
Microbial antagonism/competitive exclusion:normal microbiata compete with pathogens or alter the environment
Commensal microbiota: one organism(microbe) benefits, and the other(host) is unharmed
-May be opportunistic pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
Erythrocytes(red blood cells) not only found in blood stream, they can go to other parts of the bloodstream
Leukocytes(white blood cells)
-Granulocytes-look like they have granuals, 60-70% of leukocytes, have Polymorpho nuclear material or PMN's, they phagocitize, in infection PMN's go up, this tells us that you have a bacterial infection.
-Basophils-0.5-1% Function=production of histamines
Agranulocytes
-Monocytes-3-8% function=phagocytosis(when they mature into macrophages)
-Dendritic cells function=derived from monocytes, phagocytosis and initiation of adaptive immune responses
-Eosinophilis 2-4% function=production of toxic proteins against certain parasites, some phagocytosis
-Lymphocytes 20-25% Natural killer(NK) cells, function=destroy target cells by cytolysis and apopotosis
-Tcells function=cell-mediated immunity
-Bcells function=descendants of Bcells(plasma cells) produce antibodies
Platelets function=blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
Neutrophils 60-70%
Basophils 0.5-1%
Eosinophils 2-4%
Monocytes 3-8%
Lymphocytes 20-25%
Tells us how many of each category of blood cells above are in the blood sample. This is helpful in diagnosing your patient |
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Term
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Definition
| How many white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets you have in blood sample. It doesn't go into specifics. |
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Definition
Bone marrow and spleen are included
This system doesn't have a pump involved, the skeletal muscles are what moves the excess water in the body.
If fluid buids up, it can cause blood clots
Lymph nodes are like filters
Lymph nodes have T cells and B cells that will engulf bacteria that the lymphatic capillaries brings to the lymph nodes, and it will kill it, it helps body fight infection.
Why do they enlarge? Because lymph nodes will call for "back up" and white blood cells will rush to lymph nodes to help
When plasma leaks out of blood vessles, it is now interstitial fluids. As muscles contract, it moves the fluid to the lymph nodes, filtering as it goes
If you remove the spleen(which is basically one big lymph node) from the body, you become more susceptible. At the sign of any tiny sniffle, you need to get some antibodies in your system right away to help you fight the infection |
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