Term
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Definition
Make it easy to distinguish colonies of different microbes
Different colors |
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Term
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Definition
Suppress unwanted microbes and encourages desired microbes
Staphylococcus aureus can grow on both differential and selective media too.
It is differential because of menotal(type of sugar) and pH indicator(which turn media yellow from a red color, red at pH of 7, yellow when it is acidic)
It is selective because the specific media they use is 7.5% salt which Staph is the only microorganism that grow in those conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
Uses the blood from sheeps(red blood cells)
Hemolysin=breaks red blood cells(can cause damage to other cells too)
Basically this is seeing if the microorganism can cause damage to the sheep's red blood cells.
Farms that have sheeps on it that are only used as blood donors for this type of media
Complete hemolysis(beta hemolysis clear zone), and partial hemolysis(alpha hemolysis Green zone)
Streptococcus hemolysis' the red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
Encourages growth of desired microbes
Assume a soil sample contains a few phenol-degrading bacteria and thousands of other bacteria
Inoculate phenol-containing culture medium with the soil, and incubate
Transfer 1ml to another flask of the phenol medium, and incubate
Transfer 1ml to another flask of the phenol medium, and incubate
Only phenol-metabolizing bacteria will be growing
Example: if you want to find an organism that can break down something such as a phenol or oil, make a culture with the specific thing you are looking for(phenol or oil) |
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Term
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Definition
A pure culture contains only one species or strain
A colony is a population of cells arising from a single cell or spore or from a group of attached cells
A colony is often called a "Colony-forming unit" (CFU)
The streak plate method is used to isolate pure cultures |
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Term
| Understanding the bacterial growth curve |
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Definition
Lag phase-intense activity preparing for population growth, but no increase in population
Shortest lag you can have is 1.5-2 hours
You can't get rid of this phase, something about spreading cells out that makes them still go through lag phase
Log phase-logarithmic, or exponential increase in population
Stationary phase-period of equilibrium; microbial deaths balance production of new cells
Cells will always go through this phase too.
During stationary phase, microbes are more resistant to antibiotics
Normal cells stop when they touch another cells, cancer cells lose that mechanism that tells them to stop replicating when they touch, tumors form because they are too crowded
Death phase-population is decreasing in a logarithmic rate.
First microbes to die are usually the first cells "born", oldest die first |
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Term
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Definition
Measures the amount of light that goes through the test tube of liquid broth culture.
Can't measure the death phase with the spectrophotometer because their dead cells are still in the broth and it still absorbs light
Percent transmittence=how much light that goes through the liquid broth culture.
They plotted the growth of microorganisms that grew in the liquid culture and came up with a graph that didn't "look" like it was growing, so they took the reciperacle of the numbers and came up with a graph that "looks" like it grew. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to microbial contamination |
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Term
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Definition
The absence of significant contamination
Working without significantly contaminating wound
Aseptic surgery techniques prevent microbial contamination of wounds |
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Term
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Definition
Removing ALL microbial life
ALL life is gone
NO degrees of steril, it is either steril or not
If it has only 1 microbe, it is not steril anymore |
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Term
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Definition
| Removing pathogens from inanimate objects |
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Term
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Definition
Removing pathogens from living tissue
Same substance as disinfectant, just uses lower strenght so it doesn't hurt skin |
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Term
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Definition
Lowering microbial counts on eating utensils
Government dictated |
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Term
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Definition
Killing microbes
Cide=to kill |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibiting, not killing, microbes
Stasis=to inhibit, but not kill
Different products might kill bacteria, but only inhibit virus, you need to read the side of the bottles |
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Term
| Effectiveness of treatment |
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Definition
Depends on:
-Number of microbes-more that you start with, the longer it takes to kill them
-Environment(organic matter, temperature, biofilms)
-Time of exposure
-Microbial characteristics
-pH
Organic material(fecal matter) binds to chlorine and neutralizes it, it ends up breaking down the sheets, hospitals have enormous laundry bill because of this
Some won't "clean" up vomit because of the low pH environment |
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Term
| Actions of microbial control agents |
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Definition
Alteration of membrane permeability
Damage to proteins
Damage to nucleic acids(DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
Lowest temperature at which all cells in a culture are killed in 10 minutes
Sporeformers-120C is the TDP |
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Term
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Definition
| Time during which all cells in a culture are killed |
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Term
| Decimal reduction time(DRT) |
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Definition
| Minutes to kill 90% of a population at a given temperature |
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Term
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Definition
Moist heat denatures proteins
Autoclave: steam under pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Steam must contact item's surface |
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Term
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Definition
Reduces spoilage organisms and pathogens (usually liquids)
Equivalent treatments
-63C for 30 minutes
-High-temperature short-time: 72C for 15 seconds
-Ultra-high-temperature:140C for <1sec
-Thermoduric organisms survive
Capris Sun=growing fungus inside |
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Term
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Definition
Kills by oxidation(high levels of oxygen added)
-Dry heat
-Flaming
-Incineration
-Hot-air sterilization
Hot-air=170C for 2 hours
Autoclave=121C for 15 minutes |
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Term
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Definition
HEPA removes microbes >0.3
Membrane filtration removes microbes>0.22
Used to keep microbes out of a certain area, not used to kill |
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Term
| Physical methods of microbial control |
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Definition
Low temperature inhibits microbial growth(doesn't necessarily kill microbes, but it stops growth)
-Refrigeration
-Deep-freezing
-Lyophilization
High pressure denatures proteins
Desiccation prevents metabolism
Osmotic pressure causes plasmolysis
High sodium diets-skin secretes salt, good in a way because if you touch something that has E.coli or something that doesn't like salt, it will not survive, Staph will survive though |
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Term
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Definition
Ionizing radiation(X rays, gamma rays, electron beams)
-Ionizes water to release OH*
-Damages DNA
Nonionizing radiation(UV, 260nm)
-Damages DNA
Microwaves kill by heat, not especially antimicrobial
Kills some but not all microbes, least effective way |
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Term
| Principles of effective disinfection |
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Definition
Concentration of disinfectant
Organic matter(sneeze vs. vomit)
pH
Time-Time increases, death of organisms increases
100% ethanol won't kill microbe because of the semipermeable membrane, it doesn't want the ethanol in, so it doesn't let it in.
You have to add some water to the ethanol in order for it to kill microbes, it will let the water into the cells, but the water carries some ethanol with it, it ruptures the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Zone around a disk of an antibiotic where the microbes do NOT grow |
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Term
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Definition
Disrupt plasma membrane
Phenol is the "gold standard" of disinfectants and other disinfectants are often compared to phenol to rate their effectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
Hexachlorophene, tricosan
-Disrupt plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
Chlorhexidine
Disrupts plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
Iodine
-Tinctures: in aqueous alcohol
-Iodophors: in organic molecules
-Alter protein synthesis and membranes
Chlorine
-Bleach:hypochlorous acid (HOCl)
-Chloramine:chlorine+ammonia
-Oxidizing agents
Swab arm with iodine before shot because this kills natural flora. If natural flora gets deep in skin, it can cause problems |
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Term
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Definition
Hardest bacteria to kill overall
Only forms in certain bacteria
Once endospore is formed, it is easily spread by air/wind
Very heat resistant, hard to kill, adverse environments
Puts membrane and peptidoglycan around the new cell DNA |
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Term
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Definition
Chloroplast=energy making body
Protazoa uses vacuoles to drink
Major difference is membranes
Flagellum is different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Eukaryotes flagella whip like a tail, more advanced |
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Term
| The cell wall and glycocalyx |
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Definition
Cell wall
-Plants, algae, fungi
-Carbohydrates
Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan
Glycocalyx
-Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane
-Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane
Long chain sugars(carbohydates) that are bound to cell |
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Term
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Definition
Phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins
Integral proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Proteins in membrane are what make a prokaryote and a eukaryote cell
Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules
Simple diffusion
Facilitative diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Endocytosis
-Phagocytosis:(cell eating)pseudopods extend and engulf particles, process of eating, pulling something into cell via pseudopod
-Pinocytosis:(Cell drinking)membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolving substances, drinks fluids and dissolved substances-ameba |
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Term
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Definition
Everything inside plasma membrane and outside nucleus
Same for prokaryote and eukaryote cells |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid portion of cytoplasm
Only fluid
If you spin a centrifuge 105,000 times gravity you will separate the cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
All run on cell-use networks to move things in cell |
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Term
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Definition
Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells
When the pseudopod stretches out, the cytoplasmic streaming is basically the movement of the rest of the cell to catch up with the pseudopod |
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Term
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Definition
Protein synthesis
80S Ribosomes(eukaryotes)
Membrane-bound:attached to ER
Free in cytoplasm
70S Ribosomes(Prokaryotes)
In chloroplasts and mitochondria(These used to be bacteria, evolutionarly speaking) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Digestive enzymes
Found in phagocyte cells(white blood cells)
Bag of enzymes
Digest bacteria to protect you |
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Term
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Definition
| Brings food into cells and provides support |
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Term
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Definition
Cellular respiration
Energy=ATP |
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Term
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Definition
Photosynthesis
Gives cell energy-plant cell |
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Term
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Definition
Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2
Breaks down fat and destroys peroxide-white blood cells make peroxide
Peroxide kills both bacteria and cells-so your body has to have a way to protect itself from the peroxide too. |
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Term
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Definition
Mitochondria has DNA that is the same as DNA of bacteria.
Our cells(eukaryote) have long paired chromosomes(DNA) and our cells have DNA in mitochondria that is like bacteria DNA
Has control mechanisms in DNA that we don't have, convincing that our mitochondria is the same as bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum of the chemical reactions in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
Provides energy and building blocks for anabolism
Get energy-breaking down food and get nutrients(carbon intermediates) and energy
Breaks down food to get ATP
Transfer energy from complex molecules to ATP, heat is released |
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Term
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Definition
Uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules
Building up-use engergy from catabolism makes cell parts
Use ATP to make cell parts, heat is released |
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Term
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Definition
A sequence of enzmatically catalyed chemical reaction in a cell
Metabolic pathways are determined by enzymes
Enzymes are encoded by genes |
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Term
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Definition
States that the chemical reactions can occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide(exactly right confirmation-angle and speed)
May hit each other more than once before they bond
Organic catalysts=made of proteins, speed up reaction. Not used up, can turn around and be used again. It grabs and puts them in just the right configuration to let them bond everytime |
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Term
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Definition
Needed to disrupt electric configuration
Amount of energy involved to get reaction to happen, get right confirmation to bond
Enzyme lowers activation energy, speeds up reaction
Cells can't survive without enzymes
They can speed up the reaction by 1x10 to the power of 20, wouldn't survive without this, very efficient and speedy |
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Term
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Definition
The frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a reaction
Reaction rate can be increased by enzymes, or by increasing temperature or pressure |
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Term
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Definition
Enzymes
Specific for a chemical reaction; not used up in that reaction |
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Term
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Definition
Protein portion
Inactive until cofactor comes along |
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Term
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Definition
Nonprotein component(not all enzymes have a cofactor) Can modify, carry electrons
Activator |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
NAD+
NADP+
FAD
Above 3 are all electron carriers in cell
Coenzyme A |
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Term
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Definition
Oxidation-reduction reactions-takes one electron and gives to another atom
Major category of enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
Transfer functional groups
Vast group
Major category of enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
Hydrolysis
Vast group
breaking a molecule-add water to bond to break it
Major category of enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
Removal of atoms without hydrolysis
Don't tear apart
Major category of enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
Rearrangement of atoms
Major category of enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
Joining of molecules;uses ATP
Building up of molecules
Put DNA back together with this
Major category of enzymes |
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Term
| Factors influencing enzyme activity |
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Definition
Temperature(out of range temps denature proteins)
pH(out of rang pH denatures proteins)
Substrate concentration
At body temperature, protein is folded up correctly. If we were to take proteins out of body, and heated it up, they would start to unfold
Adult brain at 107F starts to cook(unfolding of proteins), temp is lower in babies
Slows growth of bacteria when we heat tempuratures
If protein unfolds all the way, it is over, can't be refolded
Glutenation-sticks together |
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Term
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Definition
| Grow in acidic places (pH of 5) |
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Term
| Temperature curve for an enzyme |
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Definition
Tells you what temperature an enzyme is most active(37C)
You would have to run multiple cultures at multiple temperatures in separate tubes in order to get the curve
Environmental pathogens grow best at 22C(room temp) |
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Term
| Why is the curve above asymmetrical? (temperature curve for an enzyme) |
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Definition
| The protein is irreversibly denatured due to heat |
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Term
| What is a boichemical pathway? |
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Definition
Set of enzymes-work in order-make product and uses it's enzyme for next reaction and so on
Metabolic pathway-sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reaction in a cell
Metabolic pathways are determined by enzymes
They are necessary to make products for use by the cell
-In anabolic pathways, the compounds being worked through the pathway will ultimately be the product that the cell will use
-In catabolic pathways, the cell is breaking down compounds, such as sugars(food sources), and energy is being stored as ATP, or you could say ATP is being made |
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Term
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Definition
Starts with 6 carbons and ends with (2) 3 carbon compounds
Ends with pyruvic acid
2 NADH-electron transport molecules(will yeild more energy) |
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Term
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Definition
Ethanol, isopropanol(rubbing alcohol)
Denatures proteins, dissolve lipids
Requires water
Remember Gram-negative cells decolorization step
Not good to do, but if you pour alcohol on a wound, it forms a false membrane over wound, bacteria can survive under false membrane. Becomes hard to treat wound after this too.
Pure alcohol evaporates too quickly to work
Alcohol is hydroscopic=sucks up water |
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Term
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Definition
Ag, Hg, and Cu prevent microbial growth
Silver nitrate may be used to prevent gonorrheal ophthalmia neonatorum(put in babies eyes when they are first born to prevent gonorrhea of the eye)
Silver sulfadiazine used as a tropical cream on burns
Copper sulfate is an algicide
Oligodynamic action-stainless steal sinks prevent microbial growth
-Denatures proteins |
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Term
| Suface-active agents, or surfactants |
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Definition
Soaps and detergents don't kill germs, you are mechanically washing them off your hands-Keeps cutting the numbers down
If it says anti-microbial soap then it has an agent to kill microbes
Triclosine=good stuff, this is the anti-microbial stuff they put in the soap, lots of people are allergic to it though
Found in Dial soap, bright yellow |
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Term
| Chemical food preservatives |
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Definition
| Organic acids Inhibit metabolism Sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and calcium phopionate -Makes product more acidic to inhibit metabolism of foods to help inhibit growth The microbes will overcome eventually the acids, you will know because of the smell Nitrite-prevents endospore germination, but it is a carcinogen-found in bacon Antibiotics Nisin and natamycin prevent spoilage of cheese Help after cheese is done, antibiotic gets completely distroyed in stomach |
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Term
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Definition
Inactive proteins by cross-linking with functional groups(-NH2, -OH, -COOH, -SH)
Use: medical equipment
-Glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde(preserves and prevents microbial growth), and ortho-phthalaldehyde |
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Term
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Definition
Denatures proteins
Use: heat-sensitive material
-Ethylene oxide
More expensive than autoclaves
You can use this to sterilize equipment that can't handle the moist heat environment |
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Term
| Order of resistance of microorganisms to chemical biocides |
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Definition
Most resistant to least resistant:
-Endospores of bacteria
-Mycobacteria
-Cysts of protozoa
-Vegetative protozoa
-Gram-negative(because of the two membranes)
-Fungi, including most fungal spores
-Viruses without envelopes
-Gram positive bacteria
-Viruses with lipid envelopes(membrane) |
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