Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decompose organic waste
Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
Produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone
Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread
Produce products used in manufacturing(cellulase) and disease treatment(insulin) |
|
|
Term
| Knowledge of microorganisms allow humans to... |
|
Definition
Prevent food spoilage
Prevent disease occurrence
Led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories |
|
|
Term
| Linnaeus established what? |
|
Definition
The system of scientific nomenclature
Each organism has two names: The genus and specific epithet(species name) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Are italicized or underlined
-The genus is Capitalized; the species is lowercase
Are "Latinized" and used worldwide
After the first use, scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich
Describes the bacterium's habitat-the large intesine, or colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Describes the clusters(staphylo-) spherical(cocci)cells
Describes the gold-colored(aureus)colonies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoa
Algae
Viruses
Multicellular animal parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prokaryotes
Peptidoglycan cell wall
Binary fission
For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prokaryotic
Lack peptidoglycan
Live in extreme environments
-Methanogens
-Extreme halophiles
-Extreme thermophiles
These do not infect humans
Live in the geysers and mud pots in Yellowstone, very hot and very acidic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eukaryotes(true nucleus, more advanced than prokaryotes)
Chitin cell walls
Use organic chemicals for energy
Molds and mushrooms are multicellular;consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
Yeasts are unicellular
Candid Albicani=yeast infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eukaryotes
Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eukaryotes
Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
May be motile via pseudopods, cilia(short,hair-like), or flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eukaryotes
Cellulose cell walls(plant like)
Use photosynthesis for energy(plant like)
Produce moleculare oxygen and organic compounds
These release oxygen like a plant but they release probably more than a plant
The red tide that happens in the ocean is caused by red algae and it produces toxins
Algae does not produce diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acellular(don't have cells, not alive by themselves, can't replicate on their own, but they can inside us)
Consist of DNA or RNA core(one or the other, never both)
Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope(surrounded by lipid membranes)
Are replicated only when they are in a living host cell
Obligate parasite-enters one of our cells and uses it as a factory to replicate more virus cells |
|
|
Term
| Multicellular animal parasites |
|
Definition
Eukaryotes
Multicellular animals(worms, lice, fleas)
Parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths
Microscopic stages in life cycles |
|
|
Term
| Classification of microorganisms |
|
Definition
Three domains
-Bacteria(prokaryote)
-Archaea(prokaryote)
-Eukarya
--Protists
--Fungi
--Plants
--Animals
Eukaryotes are much closer related to Archaea than bacteria
Dr. Whoes University of Illinois came up with this new way of classification |
|
|
Term
| When was the first microbes observed? |
|
Definition
1673
Ancestors of bacteria were the first life on Earth(prokaryotes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1665: Robert Hooke reported that living things are composed of little boxes or cells
1858: Rudolf Vichow said cells arise from prexisting cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1673-1723 he described live microorganisms
Created the first simple microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter, a "vital force" forms life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Filled 6 jars with decaying meat
-3 covered with fine net-->No maggots
-3 open jars-->Maggots appeared
This proved biogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks
Nutrient broth heated, then placed in sealed flask-->Microbial growth |
|
|
Term
| 1765: Lazzaro Spallanzani |
|
Definition
Boiled nutrient solutions in flask
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed-->No microbial growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, NOT sealed-->Microbial growth
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed-->No microbial growth
Pasteur's S-shaped flask kept microbes out, but let air in
He disproved spontaneous generation, and proved biogenesis
Aseptic technique came from this experiment
He was the first "real" microbiologist |
|
|
Term
| The germ theory of disease |
|
Definition
1860s: Applying Pasteur's work showing microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and cause animal diseases, Joseph Lister(Listerine) used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections
1876: Robert Koch proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, Koch's postulates, to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1.The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2.The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
3.The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
4.The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then protected from smallpox
Vaccination is derived from "vacca" for cow
The protection is called "immunity"
30% of the people didn't survive if they got smallpox.
The cowpox vaccine was so close to smallpox that it worked for both diseases.
He took blood from an infected cow and injected it into humans...couldn't do that today |
|
|
Term
| The first synthetic drugs |
|
Definition
Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat malaria
Paul Ehrlich speculated about a "magic bullet" that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host.
1910: Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic drug called Salvarsan to treat syphilis
1930's: Sulfonamides were synthesized(antimicrobial drug)
If you were given too much salvarsan it would kill you |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Discovered the first antibiotic
Fleming observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus
1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced
He accidently discovered it because it started to grow on his culture and he noticed that where it was growing, it killed or at least helped to shrink the S. aureus
It was mass used in WW2 1942, it helped to save a lot of limbs due to its use. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacteriology: study of bacteria
Mycology: study of fungi
Virology: study of viruses
Parasitology: study of protozoa and the parasitic worms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has only one lens: basically a magnifying glass but slightly stronger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The use of any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens
Types of light microscopy:
-Darkfield microscopy
-Phase-contrast microscopy
-Differential interference contrast microscopy
-Flourescence microscopy
-Confocal microscopy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In a compound microscope, the image from the objective lens is magnified again by the ocular lens
Total magnificatio=objective lens x ocular lens
Resolution is the ability of the lenses to distinguish two points(objects)
A microscope with a resolving power of 0.4nm can distinguish between two points>or=to 0.4nm apart
Shorter wavelenghts of light provide greater resolution, the more light, the more resolution.
The refractive index is a measure of the light-bending ability of a medium
The light may bend in air so much that it misses the small high-magnification lens
Immersion oil is used to keep the light from bending |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Uses electrons instead of light
The shorter the wavelength of electrons gives greater resolution |
|
|
Term
| Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) |
|
Definition
Ultrathin sections of specimens
Light passes through specimens, then an electromagnetic lens, to a screen or film
Light passes through specimen so you can see the internal structure |
|
|
Term
| Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) |
|
Definition
An electron gun produces a beam of electrons that scans the surface of a whole specimen
Secondary electrons emitted from the specimen produce the image
You only see the surface of the specimen |
|
|
Term
| Preparing smears for staining |
|
Definition
Staining: coloring the microbe with a dye that emphasized certain structures
Smear: a thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide
A smear is usually "fixed" to attach the microbes to the slide and to kill the microbes
Live or unstained cells have little contrast with the surrounding medium. Researchers do make discoveries about cell behavior by observing live specimens
Stains consist of a positive and negative ion
A basic dye, the chromophore is a cation
In an acidic dye, the chromophore is an anion
Staining the background instead of the cell is called "negative staining" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Use a single basic dye
A mordant may be used to hold the stain(precipitate the stain) or coat the specimen to enlarge it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to distinguish between bacteria
Gram stain-->most important stain, named after a person (Hans Christian Gram)
Acid-fast stain |
|
|
Term
| Gram stain "differential stain" |
|
Definition
Classifies bacteria into gram-positive or gram-negative
G-p bacteria tend to be killed by penicillin and detergents
G-n bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics
Allows us to differentiate between the 2 classes of bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary stain=Crystal violet-->both are Purple
Mordant=Iodine-->Both are still Purple
Decolorization(important step)=Alcohol-acetone-->Gram-positive still Purple, Gram-negative is Colorless
Counterstain=Safranin-->Gram-positive is still Purple, Gram-negative is Pink |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
They cannot be stained with the Gram stain, they have too much waxy lipid in their walls
Stain waxy cell wall is not decolorized by acid-alcohol
Mycobacterium(tuberculosis)
Nocardia
Detergent would be the only way to get the stain in/out |
|
|
Term
| Acid-fast stain: The process |
|
Definition
Primary stain=Carbolfuchsin(have to use heat)-->A-F is Red, Non-A-F is Red
Decolorizing agent=Acid-alcohol-->A-F is Red, Non-A-F is Colorless
Counterstain=Methylene Blue-->A-F is Red, Non-A-F is Blue |
|
|
Term
| Negative staining for capsules |
|
Definition
Cells stained
Negative stain
Sometimes use India ink to stain background, cell bodies stain too. The white halo around cells are the capsule, they don't stain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Comes from the Greek words for "prenucleus"
One circular chromosome, not in a membrane
No histones
No organelles
Bacteria:peptidoglycan cell walls(unique to bacteria, made of protein and sugar)
Archaea:pseudomurein cell walls(very similar to peptidoglycan)
Binary fission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Highly organized
Comes from the Greek words for "true nucleus"
Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
Histones(protein found in nucleus, DNA is wrapped around it, like a filing system or filing cabinet)
Organelles
Polysaccharide cell walls
Mitotic spindle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacillus(rod-shaped)(Shape, and a Scientific name is both Bacillus, be careful to know the difference)
Coccus(spherical)
Spiral
-Spirillum(corkscrew shaped, rigid cell)
-Vibrio(shaped like a comma
-Spirichete(flexible corkscrew) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pairs: Diplococci, diplobacilli
Clusters: Staphylococci
Chains: Streptococci, streptobacilli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Official name for capsules
Outside cell wall
Usually sticky
Capsule:neatly organized(tight)
Slime layer:unorganized and loose
Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach
Capsules prevent phagocytosis(too slimy for it to occur)
The bacteria can eat the polysaccharide if they are in a pinch for food
You can see in the microscope a capsule because they are very thick, you can't see slime layer, it is too thin.
Your teeth have biofilm on them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Not all bacteria have flagella
Outside cell wall
Made of chains of flagellin(single protein that links together)
Attached to a protein hook
Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body
Kind of like a string of pearls
Usually about 10x longer than bacteria, rigid
Basal body touches cytoplasm because cell tells it when to turn
Basal body is the "motor"- it only can turn clockwise and counter clockwise-most bacteria only goes forward
Gram-positive only has 1 basal body, Gram-negative has 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| That microbes caused disease |
|
|
Term
| The ability of a microscope lens to distinguish two points is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rotate flagella to run or tumble
Move towards or away from stimuli(taxis)
Flagella proteins are H antigens(anything that causes immune system to get excited and produce antibiotics)
Moving forward in straight line=run
Bouncing around randomly=tumble
Needs signal from cell for it to move towards food source or more concentrated part of food "McDonalds", or move away from toxic substances
Chemotaxis=moving due to chemical
Phototaxis=Photosynthesis, moving to get to the sun
Response to a chemical
Bacteria have glucose receptors on their head, smooth run until they don't have glucose. Then they stop and randomly tumble until they find glucose again. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hair-like projections that are all over the body of certain bacteria.
Only found on Gram Negative bacteria. Extremely specific, on the end of the fimbriae they have receptors that bind to only the cells that they are looking for, most likely intestinal cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only found on Gram Negative bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Both Gram Positive and Negative have these.
They look like fimbriae when they aren't active
Facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another, this is called conjugation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prevents osmotic lysis(busting due to being so saturated with pure water)
Made of peptidoglycan(in bacteria only) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Polymer of disaccharide(2 sugars)
N-acetylgulcosamine(NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid(NAM)
NAM is ONLY found in peptidoglycan
If you remove cell wall the bacteria dies. So we aim our anitbiotics towards the cell wall. Penicillion works this way. They can't kill cell walls but they mess up the replication of new cells
Peptidoglycan in Gram-Positive bacteria are linked by polypeptides |
|
|
Term
| Structure of Gram-Positive cells |
|
Definition
Chains of NAG and NAM that are linked together by peptide cross-bridges
Rigid structure, like a lattus.
Everything goes through this, not a filter at all
Holds cell in shape
Sheet of sugar protein lattus work that wraps around bacteria cell.
Gram Positive has up to 40 layers, usually 20-40 layers
Wall teichoic and lipoteichoic are only found in Gram-Positive cells
Wall teichoic acids weave through the lattus to help strengthen the cell wall
Lipoteichoic has a lipid part to it, hence the name, it sits in the membrane so it anchors the cell wall. |
|
|
Term
| Why does the Gram staining method work so well? |
|
Definition
| Basically, the Gram-positive cells have so many peptidoglycan layers that the alcohol doesn't penitrate all of the layers making it stay purple. The Gram-negative only has 2-3 layers that get holes burnt into them taking out the color purple with it, then when the pink stain step happens it takes the stain while Gram-Positive stains don't |
|
|
Term
| Structure of a Gram-Negative cell |
|
Definition
Only have 2-3 cell wall(peptidoglycan)layers
They have two plasma membranes that create a compartment making them more advanced and on their way to becoming eukaryote cells
The compartment is in between the two plasma membranes
Gram-negatives are more advanced than Gram-positive cells
Porin protein lets positivley charged things in to the cell if they fit the size requirement
Lipid A is extremely toxic to humans
It is contained in the Gram negative cells
If the cell dies, it will release the Lipid A and it will make you feel very sick, malays, fever, vomit.
Sometimes when an antibiotic kills the cells it releases the Lipid A and makes you feel worse before it makes you feel better |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Teichoic acids
-Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane
-Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan
May regulate movement of cations
Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation |
|
|
Term
| Gram-Negative outer membrane |
|
Definition
Lipopolysaccharides(first thing immune system sees), lipoproteins, phospholipids
Forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane
Protection from phagocytes, complement, and antibiotics
O polysaccharide antigen
Lipid A is an endotoxin(called that because it is part of the cell)
Porins(proteins)form channels through membrane(allows certain size and charged molecules into the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell
Gram-Positive(Purple)
-Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
-CV-I crystals do not leave
Gram-Negative(Red)
-Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan
CV-I washes out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Like Gram-Positive cell walls-they don't stain with Gram stains
Waxy lipid(mycolic acid)bound to peptidoglycan(not a true wax, just have to melt or detergent to get stain in)
Mycobacterium(TB)
Nocardia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins(outer edge of protein)
Intergral proteins(go all through proteins)
Transmembrane
Proteins
Wavy shape-indicates motion, fluid-like
Fluid Mosaic Model
Fat, oily
Semi-permeable membrane-some things can, some things can't cross.
Water crosses unaided, everything else has to be aided
Cells don't like sodium-they like potassium(sodium potassium pump) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When the phospho heads are all facing out in a circle with the fatty acid tails in the center.
Hydrophobic fatty acid tales hide in the middle, hydrophilic heads interact with water.
Think of the little balls of oil floating on top of the water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Membrane is as viscous as olive oil
Proteins move to function
Phospholipids rotate and move laterally |
|
|
Term
| Chromatophores or thylakoids |
|
Definition
| Photosynethetic pigments on folded membranes |
|
|
Term
| Damage to plasma membrane |
|
Definition
| Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium(detergents), and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
No ATP needed for energy
Force driving this is osmotic pressure
Where you have a high concentration of salt, water will follow
If the concentration of salt inside the cell is the same as outside the cell, no movement will occur
0.85% is the amount of salt we have in our blood stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high concentration of salt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Solute combines with a transporter protein and is moved across the membrane
Sometimes it takes ATP, sometimes it doesn't |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Process of killing bacteria by having too much salt present.
Think of salt curing a ham(you can do the same with sugar). You add the salt to the ham, it draws the moisture out of the cells because they water goes where salt is, and it dehydrates and kills the bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water(or salt) to a low water(salt) concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water channels(facilitated diffusion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell wall breaking due to an influx of water in cell |
|
|
Term
| What happens in human cells under: |
|
Definition
High salt conditions? Cells shrink and die
Low salt conditions? Cells swell and burst
What is the isotonic concentration of salt for human cells? 0.85%(0.0085 grams salt per 100 ml of water) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Requires a transporter protein and ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Requires a transporter protein and PEP(glycolitic, form of energy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Everything inside the plasma membrane including the proteins and ribosomes; excluding the DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial chromosome in its compressed structure in the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis(in any cell, all cells have them)
70S total size
50s+30s subunits
S is a measure of density or amount of space and weight that it takes up
Eukaryote cells are 80S
The difference between 70s and 80s is big enough that we can aim our antibiotics at the 70s and not even hurt/touch our 80s cells
Made up of two units, one is 30s and the other is 50s but in this instance when we add them together we get a 70s because they basically fit together the way your hands would if you would make a fist with one hand and wrap your other hand around your fist...takes up less space that way
Messenger RNA runs in between the two ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Metachromatic granules(volutin)=phoshate reserves
Polysaccharide granules=energy reserves
Lipid inclusions=energy reserves
Sulfur granules=energy reserves
Carboxysomes=ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation
Gas vacuoles=protein covered cylinders(use gas bubbles to get the to sunlight)
Magnetosomes=iron oxide(destroys H2O2)(Can tell if they are facing North or South, magnetic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gram-Positive
Resting cells-dormant state
Resistant to desiccation(drying out), heat, chemicals
Bacillus(genus of Anthrax)
Clostridium(genus of botulism)
Sporulation:endospore formation
Germination:return to vegetative state
They have found endospores in a mummies tomb that was ~30,000 years old that were still living, they are a well built cell
Copy of genome(DNA) is in the middle of this cell
It removes water from the cell because if it does not then when it is in the hot summer heat it will cause the water to produce steam that will then cause the DNA harm.
Survival mechanism |
|
|
