*January 1865

*Prohibited Slavery 

*1866

*Established national citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the U.S.

*Prohibited states from depriving citizens of their civil rights or equal protection under the law

*Reduced state representation in the House of Representatives by the percentage of adult male citizens denied the vote

*1870

*Forbade states to deny citizens the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or “previous condition of servitude”

*1913

*Established a federal income tax

*1913

*U.S. senators chosen by popular vote

*1919

*Prohibitation of alcohol 

*1920

*Women's Suffrage 

Andrew Johnson (President)

-Years

-Party?

*(1865-1869)

*Democrat

Ulysses S. Grant (President)

-Years

-Party?

*(1869-1877)

*Republican 

William McKinley (President)

-Years

-Party?

*(1897-1901)

*Republican 

Theodore Roosevelt (President)

-Years

-Party?

*(1901-1909)

*Republican 

William Howard Taft (President)

-Years

-Party?

*(1909-1913)

*Republican

Woodrow Wilson (President)

-Years

-Party?

*(1913-1921)

*Democrat

Reconstruction 

-Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan 

*Year

*Main Idea

*1863

*10% of White Male Population needed to sign loyalty oath

*Allow Re-Admittance into the Union

Reconstruction 

-Wade Davis Bill

*When

*Main Idea

*1864

*DOES NOT become a Law

*Radical Reconstruction

*50% of White Male Population to take Oath of Allegiance

*State Government filled w/ those who hadn’t carried arms against the Union 

*Disenfranchisement for Confederate civil & military leaders

Reconstruction 

-Radical Republicans 

*Idea

Reconstruction 

-Freedman’s Bureau

*When

*Main Idea

*1865

*Aided displaced blacks & other war refugees 

*(1866) Extended by Congress 

-Authorized agents to investigate Southern abuses

Reconstruction 

-Lincoln's Death

*When? 

Reconstruction 

-Andrew Johnson as President

*Idea

*Amnesty Plan 

Reconstruction 

-Black Codes

*When?

*Main Idea

*1865

*Varied based on State 

*Could Include: firearms prohibitions, blacks could not testify against whites 

Reconstruction 

-Reconstruction Act

*When?

*Main Idea

*1867

*Spearheaded by Radical Republicans 

*Organized South into 5 Military Districts 

*Freedmen Granted the Right to Vote (Political Equals)

*Confederate Leaders Barred from Voting

*Role of District Military Leaders 

 Settling the West

-Great Plains

-Settling the Land 

*Idea

*Great Plains area

*Pushed Native Americans further & further West

*Enviroment consists of arid areas; line of aridity across the Great Plains

*Struggle to cultivate land & crops

Settling the West

-Railroads

*Who

*Idea

*McCoy & Abilene, KS

*Extensive lines across the U.S.

*Sectioning & cutting off lands

*Buffalo hunts from trains; demand for buffalo hide

Settling in the West

-New Markets / Cattle Industry

*When?

*Idea

*1700 to 1800 Longhorn cattle introduced by Spanish 

*1860, 5 million head of longhorn 

*Move cattle from Texas & Mexico to emerging markets in East

*1860, no fast railroad to drive cattle to R.R. stations or posts

Settling in the West

-Cowboys

*Idea

*Diverse Group

*White Southerners, 25% African-American, Hispanic 

*Equipment & gear developed by Hispanics in Mexico 

Settling the West

-Homestead Act

*When?

*Main Idea

*1862

*Gave 160 Acres of Federal Land to any Applicant who Occupied & Improved the Property 

Settiling in the West 

-Americanization

*Idea

*Americanization

*Boarding Schools

*Federal government allowing private Christian groups to run boarding schools for the Native American Children

*Claiming the Native Americans are uncivilized, not American, savage & barbaric 

Settling the West 

-Indian Wars

*Name, When, Where

*Sand Creek Massacre, Colorado (1864)

*Fetterman’s Defeat, Montana (1866)

*Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)

*Ghost Dance Movement (1880s)

*Wounded Knee, South Dakota (1890)

Settling the West

-Dawes-Severalty Act 

*When?

*Idea

*1877

*Divided Reservation Lands into Individual Private Property 

*Thought it would encourage Native Americans to Assimilate 

Industrial America 

-Natural Resources

*Idea

Industrial America

- Iron to Steel

*Idea

*Use of the Bessimer Process in producing steel 

*Building railroads, skyscrapers, bridges 

*In N.E., extensive railroad networks

Industrial America 

-Development of the Railroad

*Idea

Industrial America 

-Development of new technology 

*Idea

*Moving from water-powered machinery to stem-power

*Locate factories elsewhere than alongside rivers- more mobility 

Industrial America 

-Development of new business practices 

* Main Idea

*Captains of Industry: Rockefeller, Carnegie 

*Growing Middle Class: accountants, chemists, clerks

*Laborers: working on the plant floor

Industrial America

-Competing Corporations

*Idea

-Vertical Integration: Created by Gustav Swift

*“a model in which a company controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to finished goods” 

*Intentional Decision to Control

 -Horizontal Integration 

*Did not intentionally set out to control the market

*Rockefeller’s Standard Oil (1870)

*Captures Market and Associated Industries 

Industrial America 

-Immigration

*2 Waves 

*Ideas

*1870 to 1890

-Western Europe: England, Scotland, & Ireland

*1890 to 1914

-Southern & Eastern Europe: Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary 

-“Culturally Different”

Industrial America 

-Panic of 1873 & 1893

* Idea

*Economic depressions 

*No government intervention - policy of lassiez-faire 

Industrial America 

-Great Railroad Strike

*When 

*Idea

*1877

*Involved 4 major railway companies

*companies laid-off workers and slashed wages 

*Baltimore & Ohio workers went of strike 

*President R. Hayes calls out federal troops to protect the railroad lines & depots; economy dependent on R.R.

*NOT proper for president to call in troops

-altercation between workers & troops

*First major strike; brought R.R. to hault 

* Strike Unsuccessful 

Industrial America 

-Knights of Labor

*Leader

*Idea

*1869

*Leader is Powderly 

*Inclusive labor union- includes white, black & female workers

*Had a few victories 

*1866, membership at 1 million

Industrial America

-Haymarket Square Riot

*When?

*Where?

*Idea

*1886

*Chicago, IL 

*policed killed 4 unarmed workers; members of the Knights of Labor

*Knights of Labor protested & riots broke out

*bomb explodes- planted by anarchist 

*Knights were blamed 

*Negitive Effect on membership 

Industrial America

-American Federation of Labor

*Leader

*When 

*Idea

*1886

*Leader is Gompers

*Samuel Gompers 

*Organized Union by Craft; skilled labor 

*Wanted Managers to recognize Union Members held *exclusive right for Bargaining & Negotiating 

Industrial America 

-Homestead Strike

*When?

*Where?

*Idea

*1892

*Homestead, Penn.

*Carnegie steel plant 

*Henry Clay Frick- Carnegies man at plant

*Workers wanted increased wages & better conditions 

*Frick wont talk or negotiate with union

*Only consider request from individuals 

*Frick locked out workers & hired new ones

Industrial America 

-Pullman Strike

*When?

*Idea

*1894

*George Pullman, creator of train cars: sleeping, luxury, ect.

*Pullman, IL- perfect factory town w/ amenities 

*Panic of 1893- economic shut down 

*Pullman slashes workers wages 

*Workers call on American Railway Union 

Southern Race Issue 

- Economy & Politics 

*Idea

*Competition for jobs in cities; competition in sharecropping 

*Unions: AFL excluded African-Americans; deny union card

Southern Race Issue

-Plessy v. Ferguson

*When?

*Idea

*1896

*Legalizes segregation 

*Homer Plessy; 1/8th African-American

*"Separate but Equal"

Southern Race Issue

-Jim Crow Laws

*Idea

Southern Race Issue

-Disenfranchisement

*Idea

*Laws passed in Southern States to take votes away

*Poll taxes 

*Secret Ballot

*Literacy & Educational Qualifications 

*Grandfather Clauses 

American Urbanization 

-Urban Working Classes

*Idea

*From the Farm (in-migration)

*Immigrants from Western Europe

*Immigrants from Eastern & Southern Europe

American Urbanization 

-Urban Living

*Idea

*No regulations, safety codes 

*No sanitation 

*How The Other Half Lives, Jacob Riis (1890)

American Urbanization 

-Urban Middle Classes

*Idea

*Impact of the Corporate Economy 

-White collar jobs; middle management 

Politics from 1877-1900

-Party Loyalty

*Idea

*Determined by Region, and Religious & Ethnic Differences

*South, Catholic=Democrat

*NorthEast, Protestants, Middle Class= Republicans 

Politics from 1877 to 1900

-Federal Government & Business 

*Idea

*Lassiez-Faire= "hands off"

*no government interference 

*No regulations, no standards, no codes, no saftey precautions 

Politics from 1877 to 1900

-Interstate Commerce Act

*When?

*Idea

*1877

*Interstate Commerce Commission

-Looked into railroad rates 

-Railroad companies had to publish their rates 

Politics from 1877 to 1900

-Sherman Antitrust Act

*Idea

*When?

*First Federal attempt to limit big business 

*Challenged in 1895

*Only applied to Commerce & not Manufacturing 

Populist Party, 1880 to 1896

-National Farmers’ Alliance / North West Alliance

*When?

*Idea

*1880

*West of the Mississippi

*Similar to fraternal & social organizations

*Discuss concerns over farming and related events 

*Believed they could use power to address political concerns 

Populist Party, 1880 to 1896

- Southern Alliance

*Idea

*When

*1895

*Started in TX

*Most prominent 

*1890, 1 million members 

*1880 Election, Garfield won

-Weaver, candidate for the Greenback-Labor Party

-Support from alliances 

- gains some voting support 

Populist Party, 1880 to 1896

-Populist Demands

*Idea 

*Sub-Treasury System 

-U.S. participating in a global market 

*Free Coinage of Silver

-thought it would raise farm prices & pay back debt with cheaper prices

*National Bank

-establish standard interest rate

*Federal Income Tax

-applied to the very wealthy 

*Direct Election of U.S. Senators

-elected by state legislatures

-scared the people wouldnt pick the right ones 

*Tighter control on Railroads

*Government Ownership of Railroads, Telephones, & *Telegraphs

American Empire 

-Reasons for U.S. Expansion 

*Idea

*Need more room

*European Competition 

*New Markets 

*Development of Naval Fleet 

-Influence of Sea Power Upon History, Alfred Thayer Mahan (1892)

American Empire 

-Explosion of the Maine

*When?

*Idea

*Feb. 1898

*U.S. ship ordered to show the colors meaning show the force

*anchored in Havana Harbor; exploded 

*Pressed blames Spain for explosion 

American Empire 

-Spanish-American War

*When?

*Idea

*1898

*Called "Splendid Little War"

*Yellow Press

-Media attention on how Spain is allegedly treating Cubans and rebels 

American Empire 

-Cuba & Philippines 

*Idea

*Market control & fueling stations 

*fighting over Spains possessions 

American Empire

-Teller Amendment 

*When?

*Idea

*1898

*Granted Cubans their indpendence 

*Claimed U.S. would not annex Cuba

American Empire

-Platt Amendment 

*When?

*Idea

*1903

*Took back the Teller Amendment: Claimed U.S. had the right to intervene in Cuban Affairs

Progressive Era: 1900 to 1917

-Attributes of the Progressives

*Idea

*Rejection of lassiez faire

*Emergence of Active Presidency

*Optimistic 

-Believe government will “level the playing field” 

*Growth of the Federal Government

*Government should address the concerns of Industrialization 

Progressive Era 1900 to 1917

-Labor Reform Needed

*Idea

Progressive Era: 1900 to 1917

-Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire 

*When?

*Idea

*1911

*150 Workers Dead

Progessive Era: 1900 to 1917

-Progressivism at Local, State, & Federal Levels 

*Idea

*Local: Political Machines; Political Bosses; City Commissioners 

*State: Initiative; Referendum; Increased State Regulation

*National Level: Beginning of Strong Presidency 

-Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1908)

Progessive Era 1900 to 1917

-"Gospel of Efficiency”

*Idea

Progressive Era: 1900 to 1917

-Muckrackers

*Names & Idea

*Upton Sinclair, Chicago Meat Packing Industry

*Ida Tarbell, Standard Oil