Kingdom Protista

Protozoan

Phylum Ciliophora

Common name: Ciliates

Characteristics: Cilia, Gullet, Anal Pore- excretes waste, Trichocysts- Harpoon guns that shoot out poison threads, Macionucleus, pellicle. 

Kingdom Protista

Protozoan

Phylum Zoomastigophora

Common name: Flagellates

Characteristics:  Flagella, Gullet, Pellicle

Kingdom Protista

Protozoan

Phylum Rhizopoda

Common name: Amoeboids

Characteristics: Pseudopodia (false feet), Shells- Naked Amoeba (no shell) Foraminifera (coiled calcium carbonate shell) Radiolarian (silica shell, see through)

Kingdom Protista

Slime Mold

Phylum Myxomycota

Morphology- Multinucleate, single giant amoeboid cell, moves by pseudopodia, no cell wall, no chloroplasts

Habitat and nutrition- Terestrial saprotrophs that live on rotting wood, glycogen

Alternation of Generations, major decomposer of wood

Kingdom Protista

Algae

Phylum Euglenophyta

Common name: Euglenoids

Morphology: Grass Green single cells, chloroplasts with pyrenoids, food vacuoles, gullet, 2 unequal flagella, pellicle

Life cycle- All a sexual

Habitat: Freshwater 

Kingdom Protista

Algae

Phylum Chlorophyta

Common name- Green Algae

Morphology- All 4 growth (single cells, filaments, colonies, seaweeds, Chloroplasts with pyrenoids, cellulose cell walls, vacuoles.

Photosynthetic, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids

STARCH- food storage

Freshwater and marine, evolutionary link to higher plants

Kingdom Protista

Algae

Phylum Pyrrophyta

Common name: Dinoflagellates

Morphology: Yellowish-green or red single cells, Chloroplasts with pyrenoids, two flagella in perpendicular grooves, cellulose wall with plates and grooves, bioluminescent. 

Nutrition: photosynthetic (chlorophyll A, C and peridinin [red]) STARCH-food storage

Single Haploid Generation, warm marine waters, cause red tide (infects shellfish making them toxic)

Kingdom Protista

Algae

Phylum Chrysophyta

Common name: Diatoms (golden algae, yellow green algae)

Morphology: Yellowish-green or golden, single cells, chloroplasts with NO PYRENOIDS, flagella and pseudopods in golden algae, diatoms float, SILICA cell walls in PERFECT GEOMETRIC shapes

Nutrition- Photosynthetic (chlorophyll A, C and fucoxanthin (brown), OILS- food storage,

Single Haploid- golden and yellow green algae

Single Diploid- Diatoms

Freshwater and Marine most abundant producers in aquatic ecosystems.

Kingdom Protista

Algae

Phylum Phaeophyta

Common name: Brown Algae

Morphology:Large brown sea weeds (kelp up to 100 meters) have organs, with tissues, have chloroplasts with NO PYRENOIDS, 2 flagella, Cell walls contain algin (gelatinous retains moisture), Photosynthetic (Chlorophyll A, C and fucoxanthin, LAMINARIN- food storage

Alternation of generation (KELP), Single diploid Generation (ROCKWEED)

Cold Marine seashore, source of iodine, fertilizer, Algin (smoothing agent in paint, cosmetic, ice cream)

Kingdom Protista

Algae

Phylum Rhodophyta

Common name: Red Algae

Morphology- small, highly branched red seaweed that grows as epiphytes (on top of other things)

Special Features Chloroplasts with pyrenoids, Cell Walls containing carrageenan (gelatinous material to retain moisture) and agar (used as media in petri-dishes), No flagella

Nutrition- photosynthetic (Pigments- chlorophyll A and D and Phycobilins) 

Food Storage- Floridean Starch

Life Cycle- Alternation of Generations

Habitat- warm marine (up to 265 meters deep in clear water)

Importance- Coral Reefs, food source- sushi Carrageenan- stabilizing agent in ice cream

Kingdom Fungi

Phylum Zygomycota

Common Name- Zygote Fungi

Morphology: Fuzzy white-gray-black mold with stalked sporangia that produce A-sexual spores, or when two different hyphae meet they can form a zygosporangium that produces sexual spores

Black Bread Mold

Mycorrhizae- mutualistic Fungus that penetrates plant roots and helps water and nutrients. (95% of plants have mycorrhizae)

Kingdom Fungi

Phylum Ascomycota

Common name- Sac fungi

Characteristics- produce conidia (asexual wind blown spores pinched off of fingler-like hyphae).  Form ascocarps (fruiting body) with asci (reproductive sac) which produce ascospores.

Yeast, Black Knot, Blue Green, Red and Brown molds, Cup Fungi , Morels

Kingdom Fungi

Phylum Deuteromycota

Common name: Imperfect Fungi

Produce conidia (a-sexual spores), no sexual reproduction

Blue green mold: blue cheese, pencicillin and also saprotrophic

EX. Ringworm and athlete's foot

Kingdom Plantae

Phylum Hepatophyta

1.  
   1. Gametophyte- flat thallus often with Gemmae cups (a sexual spores) sex organs located on stalked receptacles (palm trees)
   2. Sporophyte- hangs down from male receptacles.  Has foot, seta, capsule, spring-like elaters to throw out the spores.
   3. Habitat- wet rocks and soil and epiphytes in tropical rain forest.

Kingdom Plantae

Phylum Bryophyta

Common name: Mosses

Gametophyte- upright “leafy” thallus with rhizoids.  Sex organs (archegonia and antheridia) located on branch tips 

Sporophyte- upright.  Is protected by calyptra (hat), operculum (lid) and also has peristome teeth (aid in spore dispersal)

Habitat- moist soil, rocks, trees.

• Morphology- Grass Green multicellular plants with tissues and waxy cuticles (retain moisture) 
• Cell Structure- Eukaryotic, 1 nucleus/ cell, Organelles:  chloroplasts (no pyrenoids), 1 large vacuole/ cell, Some have flagella, Cellulose Cell Wall, Cell plate formation
• Nutrition- photosynthetic (Pigments- chlorophyll A, B, and carotenoids)
• Food Storage- starch and oils
• Reproduction- mostly sexual
• Fragmentation- uncommon
• Life Cycle- Alternation of Generations with multicellular sex organs and embryos (developing zygote).
• Habitat- Terrestrial

1.  
   1.  
      1.  
         • One or two or many nuclei/cell
         • Many small vacuoles
      • Morphology- Fast Growing interwoven hyphae (thread-like structures) that form a body called a mycelium with rhizoids (root-like structures that anchor and passively absorb water and nutrients).
      • Cell Structure- Eukaryotic

1.  
   • No centrioles, chloroplasts, contractile vacuoles, eyespots or flagella.
   • Chitin Cell Walls- stiff and flexible
   • Cleavage furrowing for cytokinesis 

1.  
   1.  
      1.  
         • Food storage: glycogen and oils 
      1.  
         • Fragmentation- of hyphae
         • Windblown asexual spores
         • Sexual life cycle = single Haploid generation
      • Nutrition- saprotroph, absorption heterotroph
      • Reproduction- mostly a sexual

1.  
   1.  
      • Many small vacuoles
      • Centrioles
      • Contractile Vacuoles- pump out excess water.
      • Eyespots- sense light direction and intensity
      • Chloroplasts with pyrenoids- photosynthesis and starch storage.
      • Cleavage Furrowing
   1.  
      • Photosynthetic-algae
      • Ingestion heterotrophs- protozoans and slime molds
   1.  
      • Mitosis and Cytokinesis
      • Fragmentation- breaks a part
      • Zoospores- spores with flagella
      • Single Haploid Generation- protozoans, where only diploid stage is zygote.
   1.  
      1.  
         1.  
            
            
            • Flagella
            • Gullet “mouthlike opening”
            • Pellicle- flexible leathery membrane
         • Special Features
      • Phylum Zoomastigophora- Flagellates
   • Morphology- single cell, colony, filaments, and multicellular sea weed.
   • Cell Structure-
   • Nutrition
   • Reproduction- mostly asexual
   • Habitat- mostly aquatic

1.  
   1.  
      1.  
         • ER- moves stuff in and out of cells.
         • Golgi Apparatus- packaging center
         • Mitochondria- make ATP, double membraned.
         • Vacuoles- water storage
         • Centrioles- aid in forming flagella/cilia, 9+0 pattern.
         • Flagella and Cilia- cell locomotion, have 9+2 pattern.
         • Chloroplasts- Photosynthesis, double-membraned
      • Nucleus with nuclear membrane and several chromosomes (700x as much DNA as prokaryotic).
      • Cytoplasm with ribosomes and organelles with membranes.
      • Plasma membrane
      • Cellulose cell wall.
   • Cell Structure- eukaryotic with aerobic respiration.
   • Cell Division- mitosis with cytokinesis.