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process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
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virus that infects bacteria
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Definition
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine
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Definition
granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
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globular protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
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Definition
copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA
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enzyme that “proofreads” new DNA strands, helping to ensure that each molecule is a nearly perfect copy of the original DNA
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sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
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Definition
RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
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Definition
type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes
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Definition
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
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Definition
process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA
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Definition
enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
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Definition
region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA
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Definition
intervening sequence of DNA; does not code for a protein
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expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
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Definition
three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
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translation
decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
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Definition
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
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Definition
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
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Definition
mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another
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mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
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Definition
condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
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group of genes operating together
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region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is “turned off”
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Definition
process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
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Definition
series of genes that controls the organs and tissues that develop in various parts of an embryo
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