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DNA and RNA
lalala
47
Biology
11th Grade
02/11/2009

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Term
DNA

sugar
Definition
deoxyribose
Term
RNA

sugar
Definition
ribose
Term
DNA monomer and examples
Definition
nucleotide

examples: sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate (PO4-)
Term
shape of deoxyribose
Definition
pentagon shape
Term
nitrogen base
Definition
makes up rungs of the ladder

Purine (2 ring): adenine(A) guanine(G)

prymidine (1 ring): thymine(T) cytosine(C)
Term
backbone of DNA
Definition
sugar and phosphate make it up
Term
DNA structure
Definition
double helix (twisted ladder)

antiparallel: equidistant but oriented in opposite directions
Term
purine
Definition
adenine (A)
guanine (G)
Term
pyrimidine
Definition
thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
Term
orientation of the sides of the ladder
Definition
[image]
Term
3 prime n
Definition
sugar end
Term
5 prime n
Definition
phosphate end
Term
nitrogen base bonds
Definition
A + T bond together with 2H bonds

G + C bond together with 3H bonds
Term
central dogma
Definition
DNA to DNA replication, DNA to mRNA transcription, mRNA to protein translation
Term
replication
Definition
DNA to DNA, process of copying DNA, semi-conservative process
Term
origin of replication (DNA unit)
Definition
located along DNA

there are multiple

creates little bubbles in DNA
Term
Replication: initiation
Definition
DNA Helicase attaches to the origin of replication and unzips DNA by breaking H bonds
Term
Replication: elongation
Definition
DNA polymerase attaches to the DNA and copies it:
1. READ: reads from 5 prime to 3 prime, following helicase (LEADING strand follows helicase), WHEN GOING AWAY FROM HELICASE (ON LAGGING STRANDS): read in fragments calld OKAZAKI BLOCKS, DNA ligase connects okazaki fragments. 2. match base pairs 3. proof read

300-500 base pairs per second
Term
DNA ligase
Definition
connects okazaki fragments
Term
DNA to RNA coding
Definition
A-U

T-A

G-C

C-G
Term
Replication: Termination
Definition
helicase detaches when it reaches a segment of DNA that is already unzipped. polymerase detaches when it reaches a segment of DNA that has already been copied. DNA ligase attaches all segments of DNA together
Term
topoisomerase
Definition
enzyme that keeps DNA from tangling
Term
transcription
Definition
goes from DNA to mRNA, mRNA is a copy of DNA so that the codes can travel around the cell without having the original copy destroyed.

DNA needs to stay in the nucleus because there are things in the cytoplasm that will destroy it.
Term
promoter DNA
Definition
indicator as to where each gene starts
Term
transcription: initiation phase
Definition
RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region. transcribe the DNA
Term
transcription: elongation phase
Definition
RNA polymerase unzips DNA, read, match base pairs, and proof reads (slide 7 central dogma)
Term
termination phase
Definition
RNA polymerase reads the terminator sequence and detaches from the DNA
Term
genotype
Definition
actual gene
Term
mRNA processing
Definition
removal of introns (none coding sequences)
parts that are kept are called exons
CAPPING AND TAILING
Term
capping and tailing
Definition
extra bases/nucleotides that are added to the beginning and the end of the mRNA molecule to protect the actual code
Term
what does RNA stand for
Definition
ribonucleic acid
Term
RNA monomer
Definition
nucleotide
Term
nucleotides
Definition
sugar: ribose

phosphate: PO4-

nitrogen bases
Term
RNA nitrogen bases
Definition
purine: Adenine (A) AND Guanine (G)

pyrimidine: Uracil (U) AND cytosine (C )
Term
what makes up the back bone of the RNA
Definition
sugar + phosphate
Term
RNA structure
Definition
single helix: one strand of nucleotides
Term
3 forms of RNA
Definition
mRNA: messenger RNA. tRNA: transfer RNA. rRNA ribosomal RNA
Term
mRNA
Definition
produced during transcription, carries genetic code from DNA to the ribosome
Term
tRNA
Definition
transports amino acids to the ribosome during translation
Term
rRNA
Definition
makes up the ribosome
Term
translation
Definition
processing of producing protein from mRNA (copies of DNA)
Term
Translation: initiation
Definition
ribosome comes together with the mRNA and reads the start codon (AUG)
Term
codon
Definition
three base sequence on mRNA which codes for a specific amino acid (20 total)
Term
translation: elongation
Definition
1. codon enters the A-site (reading site): ribosome are reading the codons

2.tRNA with the corresponding anticodon brings the amino acid to the ribosome (64 types of tRNA)

3. amino acid is attached to the protein and the codon moves into the P site (holding site)
Term
A-site
Definition
reading site
Term
P-site
Definition
holding site
Term
translation: termination
Definition
3 different stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA

reaches termination/stop codon and releases protein
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