Term
| upper respiratory tract consists of... |
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Definition
| nose, nasal cavity and sinuses above it, pharynx, epiglottis |
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Term
| lower respiratory tract consists of... |
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Definition
| trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli sacs, alveoli, alveolar ducts |
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Term
| upper respiratory tract defenses |
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Definition
| nasal hair, ciliary escalatory, mucus, coughing/sneezing, secretory IgA |
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Term
| lower respiratory tract defenses |
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Definition
| mucus, alveolar macrophages, secretory IgA |
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Term
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Definition
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
provides rigid tubes for air to reach the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
sites of gas exchange; where respiration takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| diaphragm, intercostal muscles, sternum, ribs |
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Term
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Definition
common cold; approx. 200 viruses; inflammation of the upper respiratory tract
complications: sinusitis, swollen glands, tonsillitis, ear infections, secondary infections, hacking cough, sneezing, watery discharge, itchy/scratchy throat |
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Term
| Rhinoviruses and the common cold |
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Definition
| 10-40%; early fall, spring, summer; 110 distinct types; seldom produce serious illnesses |
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Term
| Coronaviruses and the common cold |
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Definition
| 20%; winter and early spring; large % of adult colds; only 3-4 out of 30+ infect humans |
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Term
| Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) |
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Definition
| 10-15%; more severe respiratory illnesses |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation and/or infection of the sinuses; may be acute and last for a few weeks or chronic lasting for weeks-months
complications: severe headaches, pain in the upper jaw and teeth, swelling of the eyelids, possible fever and rhinitis |
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Term
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Definition
caused by bacteria or viruses but bacteria is the worst; fewer than 20% require antibiotic therapy; determined through lab cultures what type of species has infected you
complications: rapid onset of throat pain worsened by swallowing, fever, inflammation, colored exudate, headache, initial absence of cough |
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Term
| Pharyngitis caused by Strep |
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Definition
| Streptococcus pyogenes; may produce fibrinolysis to lyse blood clots and streptolysins that are toxic to tissue cells, and red and white blood cells; a rise in IgM antibody indicates caused by strep; can lead to rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis |
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Term
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Definition
group A streptococci that produces an erythrogenic toxin (due to lyrogenized bacteriophage; same thing that causes strep throat); treated by antibiotics
complications: rash, fever, sore throat, swollen glands |
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Term
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Definition
caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae; toxin produced by lysogenized bacteriophage; can lead to myocarditis and low platelet counts; treated by antitoxin and antibiotics; we receive vaccination
complications: sore throat, fever, enlarged lymph nodes, painful skin lesions, membrane growth near tonsils |
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Term
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Definition
viral or bacterial infections; tonsils part of immune system
complications: inflammation, fever, headache, difficulty swallowing, swollen glands in neck, ear pain, sore throat |
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Term
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Definition
caused by Heophilus influenzae and strains of Strep and Staph; could result in ER trip; more common in kids
complications: swelling of all tissues surrounding glottis and narrows airway |
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Term
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Definition
caused by viral infection and sometimes physical stress on larynx; not very serious; stay hydrated
complications: inflammation of vocal cords in larynx, hoarse/gravely voice, sore throat with possible fever, difficulty swallowing |
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Term
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Definition
viral infection; usually no treatment required; can become severe if swelling causes panic
complications: inflammation of trachea, sore and burning sensation as air enters lungs, trachea feels raw with frequent coughing, sensation of swelling in windpipe |
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Term
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Definition
as conducting tubes become smaller, the amount of smooth muscle increases
large cartilaginous rings
primary, secondary, tertiary, down to smaller than a hair |
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Term
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Definition
complete layer of circular smooth (rings) in stead of cartilage
lack cartilage support and mucus-producing cells
23 orders of branching |
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Term
| whooping cough (Pertussis) |
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Definition
Bordetella pertussis; highly infectious with low mortality rate; symptom relief and sometimes antibiotics; children immunized; can be very long-term
complications: cold-like symptoms (catarrhal stage), sever coughing (paroxysmal stage), whooping noise during breathing btwn bursts of coughing until child may vomit (convalescence stage), mucous in airways |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria; ⅓ currently infected and 1 person infected every second; 8 million people a year; 1.87 million people die; acid-fast bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis; a + test does not mean you have it; droplet infection; bacteria multiply and spread when macrophages lyse; treatment is drug cocktail; 12 month course of antibiotics |
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Term
| complications from Tuberculosis |
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Definition
| complications: prolonged coughing maybe with blood, fever, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, lesion (if not healed correctly can be very harmful bc releases bacteria into circulatory system), splitting headache |
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Term
pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcal) |
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Definition
virulence due to capsule; most common pneumonia; mortality rate <1%
complications: fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing, sputum rust-colored from blood |
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Term
pneumonia
Klebsiella pneumoniae |
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Definition
virulence due to capsule; caused by different types of organisms; common in throat and mouth; similar to Strep. pneumonia; mortality rate in untreated cases is 85%
complications: produces lung abscesses and permanent damage |
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Term
pneumonia
Mycoplasma Pneumonia (mycoplasmal pneumonia) |
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Definition
do not produce cell walls; more difficult to diagnose; more common in upper respiratory tract; very low mortality rate; not person to person transmission
complications: low fever, cough, headache |
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Term
pneumonia
Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires Disease) |
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Definition
transmitted by water (air conditioning and fountains); can be fatal; needs to be diagnosed and treated quicker than other types
complications: sudden onset w/ high fever, cough, chest pain |
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Term
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Definition
| complication of influenza or even chickenpox; not very common; most common in infants; considered viral if bacterium cannot be isolated from pneumonia patients |
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Term
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Definition
caused by variety of viruses; 1-2 week recovery; different types differentiated by H and N antigens on virus surface; He help virus attach to cell, N help to separate
complications: chills, fever, dry cough, sore throat, stuffy nose, headache, general muscular aches |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| can cause epidemics, but milder than type A |
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Term
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Definition
| never causes epidemics, mild |
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Term
| Histoplasmosis - Histoplasma capsulatum |
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Definition
fungal disease of lower respiratory system; resembles tuberculosis; passes for minor respiratory infection; found along ohio and mississippi rivers; airborne spores (bird and bat droppings provide nutrients for growth of fungus)
complications: lesions on organs, signs and symptoms of tuberculosis |
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Term
| Coccidiodomycosis - Coccidioides immitis |
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Definition
endemic to dry, alkaline soils of southwest; less than 100 deaths; aerosol spread; forms spherules containing spores in tissues
complications: tuberculosis signs/symptoms |
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Term
Pneumocystis pneumonia - Pneumocystis carinii
Pneumocystic jiroveci |
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Definition
fungus or protozoan; present in lungs of most healthy mammals; causes disease in immunosuppressed people (especially AIDS patients)
complications: shortness of breath, fever, nonproductive cough; more serious cases include blood in sputum, great difficulty breathing, chest pain |
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Term
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Definition
allergy; swollen bronchioles
complications: labored breathing, wheezing, chest tightness, inflammation, bronchospasm, airways thickened with inflammatory exudates |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the bronchi; acute or chronic |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the bronchioles; airway becomes obstructed from swelling of bronchiole walls |
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Term
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Definition
| constant build up of mucous in the lungs; |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of alveolar tissue; from smoking or inhalation of toxic substances; air sacs i lungs progressively enlarge and can't empty completely before you exhale again; trapped air results in flattening of diaphragm and make you feel short of breath; weakened and collapsed air sacs with excess mucus |
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Term
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
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Definition
| exemplified by chronic bronchitis and obstructive emphysema; develop respiratory failure; history of smoking, labored breathing that only gets worse, coughing and frequent pulmonary infections |
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Term
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Definition
| ⅓ of cancer deaths in US; over 90% of patients are smokers |
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Term
| Tobacco (Nicotinianum tobacum) |
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Definition
| 4k different chemicals; nicotine very addictive and deadly poisonous; tar has ammonia, arsenic, cyanid, catechols, formaldehyde; basically carbon monoxide poisoning |
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