Term
| What are some conditions associated with laminitis? |
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Definition
-acute laminitis
-sole ulcers
-white line disease
-toe ulcer/abscess
-double sole
-under-run heel |
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Term
| What are some examples of cracks? |
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Definition
-horizontal fissues
-vertical fissures
-axial wall cracks |
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Term
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Definition
| -inflammaiton of the corium resulting in weakening of the pedal bone support system |
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Term
| What are the three types of laminitis? |
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Definition
-acute or clinical
-chronic laminitis or founder
-subacutre or subclinical laminitis |
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Term
| What is the major cause of acute laminitis? Clinical signs? Treatment? |
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Definition
-acute grain overload
-multiple limb lameness: walking on egg shells, crawlwers
-Analgesia, treat grain overload |
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Term
| What is the major cause of chronic laminitis? Other names? |
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Definition
-unknown cause
-founder, slipper foot |
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Term
| What are the causes of subclinical laminitis? Clinical signs? |
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Definition
-subacute ruminal acidosis, endotoxin, poor cow comfort, stress, genetics
-usually no clinical signs but can have mild lameness and shifting of weight |
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Term
| What is the clinically observed evidence fo subclinical laminitis? |
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Definition
-hemorrhage in sole and/or white line
-can also occur from trauma |
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Term
| What si the importance of subclinical laminitis? |
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Definition
| -important predisposing factor for several important diseases: sole ulcer, white line disease, toe ulcer/abscess, double sole, under-run heel |
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Term
| What are the two major effects of subclinical laminitis? |
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Definition
-impaired structural and functional integrity of claw horn: softening of the white line
-impaired structural and functional integrity of the pedal bone support system: sinking or rotation of the coffin or pedal bone |
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Term
| What are the causes of sole ulcers? |
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Definition
-subclinical laminitis: sinking of P3, corium becomes pinched b/n flexor process and sole, sole horn is softer than normal
-typical location
-usually in rear lateral claw (primary wt-bearing in rear) |
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Term
| True or False: Sole ulcers is the most common cause of lameness in dairy cows. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical findings of sole ulcers? |
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Definition
-variable lameness
-usually no swelling (b/c enclosed in hoof capsule
-respod to pressure over heel/sole junction
-sole hemorrhage
-may lead to infection of deeper structures if not treat (deep digital sepsis) |
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Term
| How do we treat a sole ulcer? |
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Definition
-pare away sole to relieve pressure
-block on opposite claw
-don't need to bandage if uncomplicated |
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Term
| What are the causes of white line disease? |
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Definition
-subclinical laminitis: reduced horn quality, white line becomes softer and wider, more prone to separation or trauma
-trauma: small stones |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings of white line disease? |
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Definition
-commonly found during routine hoof trimming
-lameness occurs when abscessation develops
-separation or hemorrhage at white line
-minimal swelling
-may lead to infection of deeper structures |
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Term
| What is the clinical significance of striations in the white line? |
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Definition
| -evidence of widening of the white line |
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Term
| How do we treat white line disease? |
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Definition
-pare out tracts: ust follow all the way b/c might lead to abscess
-drain abscesses
-remove adjacent hoof wall: to avoid a pocket of accumulation
-block on opposite claw |
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Term
| What are the causes of subsolar abscess? |
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Definition
-most commonly secondary to sole ulcer or white line disease
-foreign body
-pain caused by pressure |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings seen with subsolar abscess? |
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Definition
-moderate to severe lameness
-minimal swelling
-may lead to DDS |
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Term
| How do we treat subsolar abscesses? |
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Definition
-pare away sole to provide drainage
-bandage/antibiotics if corium is involved
-block on opposite claw
-treat DDS if present |
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Term
| What are the causes of toe ulcers/abscesses? |
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Definition
-subclincal laminits: sinking and rotation of P3
-excessive trimming of toe
-trauma |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings of toe ulcers/abscesses? |
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Definition
-lameness progresses as lesion progresses
-hemorrhage/abscess in toe
-may lead to osteitis of P3 |
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Term
| How do we treat toe ulcers/abscesses? |
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Definition
-pare away sole
-drain abscess
-block on other claw
-Osteitis: curettage/antibiotics, protect with bandage, claw amputation |
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Term
| What are the causes of double sole? |
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Definition
-subclinical laminitis
-short-term damage to solar corium: transient interruption of sole horn production
-new sole develops under old one |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings of double sole? |
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Definition
-usually minimally lameness
-found at routine trimming
-may lead to abscess |
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Term
| How do we treat double sole? |
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Definition
-pare away extra sole
-must protect new sole: block on opposite claw, leave heel and abaxial wall at heel/sole junction, new sole will harden in a few days |
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Term
| What is the cause of under-run heel? Clinical findings? Treatment? |
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Definition
-Cause: similar to white line disease
-Clinical findings: variable lameness, abscess formation
-Treatment: similar to double sole |
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Term
| What is the alternate name to horizontal fissures? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes of horizontal fissures? |
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Definition
-nutritional changes (laminitis)
-stress/illness |
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Term
| What is the significance of horizontal fissures? |
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Definition
-indicate period of significant stress
-Thimble claw
-possible predisposition to vertical fissures
-often result in square toe
-measure from skin to hardship groove |
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Term
| What is the other name for vertical fissures? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are vertical fissures more common in beef cows or dairy cows? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which claw are vertical fissures most commonly found? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we treat vertical fissures aka sand cracks? |
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Definition
-none if not painful
-open to provide drainage or relieve pressure on corium
-shorten toe
-stabilize with wire and PMMA |
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Term
| What causes axial wall cracks? What are the clinical findings of axial wall cracks? |
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Definition
-cause is unknown
-clinical findings: usually along axial groove, movement causes pain, granulation tissue may be present, infection may enter coffin joint |
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Term
| How do we treat axial wall cracks? |
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Definition
-routine claw trimming
-provide drainage if abscess present
-use care near coffin joint!! |
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Term
| What are the common causes of P3 fractures? |
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Definition
-trauma
-pathologic fracture |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings of P3 fractrues? |
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Definition
-significant lameness
-usually from medial claw
-limb abducted, may cross legs
-minimal swelling
-readily visible on radiographs |
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Term
| How do we treat P3 fractures? |
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Definition
-block on other claw: wire toes together
-cast |
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Term
| What causes corkscrew claw? |
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Definition
-unknown
-thought to be genetic |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings with corkscrew claw? |
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Definition
-abnormal hoof growth
-alters biomechanics resulting in damage to sole |
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Term
| How do we treat corkscrew claw? |
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Definition
-trimming every 3-4 months
-use in terminal breeding
-cull |
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Term
| What causes interdigital fibromas? What is the common name for them? |
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Definition
-hyperplasia of interdigital skin due to repeated trauma
-corn |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings of interdigital fibromas? |
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Definition
-variable lameness
-raw or ulcerated skin |
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Term
| What is the treatment of interdigital fibromas? |
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Definition
-none if not painful
-surgical resection |
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