Term
| What are the common disorders of the equine hoof wall and sole? |
|
Definition
-subsolar abcess
-thrush
-thite line dz |
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Term
| What are the common disorders of the equine distal phalanx? |
|
Definition
-fractures
-osteomyelitis
-osteitis |
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Term
| What are the common disorders of the equine podotrochlear apparatus? |
|
Definition
-navicular syndrome
-septic navicular bursitis |
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Term
| Why are hoof balance, trimming, and shoeing so medically important in equine med? |
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Definition
-maximal performance demands a quality foot in perfect balance
-hoof imbalance can predispose the horse to clinical lameness issues |
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Term
| What part of the horse hoof should contact the ground first? |
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Definition
| -ground contact should be flat or slightly heel first in the lateral plane |
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Term
| What is the though process behind whether or not to shoe a horse? |
|
Definition
-type of athletic performance required
-frequency
-ground surgace
-hoog quaity |
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Term
| What is the most significant aspect of the shoe application? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How does the shoe relate to heel support? |
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Definition
| -should extend back to the wideste part of the frog |
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Term
| What are the different types of shoes? |
|
Definition
-keg
-rim
-wedge
0wide-web
-natural balance
-bar |
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Term
| What materials are hroseshoes ade from? |
|
Definition
-steel
-aluminum
-titanium
-synthetic |
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|
Term
| How are horseshoes applied? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the most common cause of severe, acute lameness in the horse? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the common causes of subsolar abscesses in the horse? |
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Definition
| -recent shoeing or trimming |
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Term
| How will equine subsolar abcesses present clinically? |
|
Definition
-focal positive response with hoof testers
-dark spot/tract at the solar surface |
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Term
| How do we treat subsolar abcesses in the hrose? |
|
Definition
-establish ventral drainage
-poulticing/soaking wiht epsom salt and betadine
-NSAIDs
-tetanus prophylaxis
-systemic or local antibiotics if indicated |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis for subsolar abcess in the hrose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -bacterial infection of the frog and/or solar surface of the foot caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum |
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Term
| In what conditions is thrush frequently seen? |
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Definition
| -wet, muddy, or unsanitary conditions |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose thrush? |
|
Definition
-odor
-superficial sole and frog can appear black and are very brittle |
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Term
| How do we treat thrush in the horse? |
|
Definition
-trim all abnormal tissue
-house the horse in a clean dry area
-daily inspection and cleaning of the foot
-more severe cases may require bandaging and NSAIDs |
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|
Term
| What is the prognosis for thrush equine cases? |
|
Definition
-most are excellent to good
-more severee cases are fair to good |
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Term
| How do we prevent thrush in the horse? |
|
Definition
-clean, dry environment
-daily turnout
-proper and timely hoof maintenance |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| -distal extension of the lamina in a horse's hoof |
|
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Term
| What predisposes horses to developing white line disease? |
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Definition
| -stress/tearing of the laminar junction |
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Term
| What is white line disease? |
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Definition
| -progresseive hoof wall separation of the non-pigmented horn of the hoof at the junction between stratum medium nad laminar horn |
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Term
| What is a common name for white line disease? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| How do we diagnose white line disease? |
|
Definition
-visual separation
-odor
-lamenesss
-rads |
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Term
| What predisposes horses for white line disease other than stress? |
|
Definition
-long toes
-club feet
-laminitis feet
-toe abscesses
-quarter cracks
-stalled horses |
|
|
Term
| How do we prevent white line disease? |
|
Definition
-proper foot care: balance and timely trimming
-clean environment
-close monitoring |
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Term
| How do we treat white line disease in a hrose? |
|
Definition
-trim infected tissue
-topical anticeptics
-clean envrionment
-hoof wall resection
-sole support |
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|
Term
| What is the prognosis of white line disease in the horse? |
|
Definition
-mild cases = good
-severe cases = guarded |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the distal phalax with bone resorption around the oslar margin |
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|
Term
| What are some of the potential causes of pedal osteitis? |
|
Definition
-poor shoeing
-chronic solar trauma
-laminitis
-DIP flexural deformity |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat pedal osteitis? |
|
Definition
-rest
-NSAIDs
-trimming/shoeig
-desmotomy of the AL-DDFT (inferior check ligament) |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of pedal osteitis in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is septic pedal osteitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the potential causes of septic pedal osteitis? |
|
Definition
-untreated penetrating injury to the sole
-severe subsolar or laminar abscess |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of septic pedal osteitis? |
|
Definition
-chronic lameness
-persisent draining tract/recurrent abscessation
-sensitivity to hoof testers |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose septic pedal osteitis? |
|
Definition
| -radiographic evidence of bone lysis and remodeling |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat septic pedal osteitis? |
|
Definition
-systemic broad spectrum antimicrobials
-regional kimb antibiotic perfusion
-poulticing/soaking of sole
-surgical curettage and/or sequestrectomy |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of septic pedal osteitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the seven classification types for P3 fractures in a horse? |
|
Definition
-REVIEW SLIDE 27 FOR PICTURES
-I: nonarticular wing
-II: articular wing
-III: sagitall
-IV: extensor process
-V: comminuted
-VI: solar margin
-VII: palmar process |
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Term
| What are the clincial signs of P3 fractures in the horse? |
|
Definition
-lameness from 2-5/5
-inc heat and digital pulse
-positive response to hoof testers |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose P3 fractures in a horse? |
|
Definition
| -rads: 65 deg dorsoproximal-palmarodistal view and obliques |
|
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Term
| How do we treat P3 fractures types I-III and V in hte horse? |
|
Definition
-requre immobilization of the hoof capsule
-therapeutic shoeing
-lag screw fixation
-palmar/plantar digital neurectomy
-DIPJ injections for tx of subsequent OA |
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Term
| HOw do we treat a type IV pedal fracture in a horse? |
|
Definition
-removal via arthroscopy or arthrotomy
-DIPJ injections for tx of subsequent OA |
|
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Term
| How do we treat type VI and VII pedal fractures in the horse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis for a type I & II pedal fracture? Type III-V? Type VI & VII? |
|
Definition
-Type I & II: good
-TYpe III-V: guarded
-Type VI & VII: excellent |
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|
Term
| What are the components of the podotrochlear apparatus? |
|
Definition
-navicular bone
-navicular bursa
-impar ligament
-navicular collateral (suspensory) ligaments
-DDFT
-distal interphalageal joint |
|
|
Term
| What are the some causes of lameness that blocks to the heel region? |
|
Definition
-navicular bursitis
-navicular syndrome
-navicular bone fracture
-injury to soft tissue structures: DDFT, impar ligamnet, suspensory ligaments |
|
|
Term
| What is navicular bursitis? How do we diagnose it? |
|
Definition
-inflammation of hte navicular bursa
-Dx: lameness alleviated by blocking the NB, MRI evidence of effusion without bone/tendon/ligament involvement |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat navicular bursitis? Prognosis? |
|
Definition
-Tx: rest and anti-inflammatories
-Good-excellent |
|
|
Term
| What is navicular syndrome? HOw does it happen? |
|
Definition
-degenerative process of the structures of the pdotrochlear apparatus
-excessive stress on navicular bone => degeneration, edema, and sclerosis => inflammation => bone resorption and progressive inflammatory cycle |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical signalment of navicualr syndrome? |
|
Definition
-middle-aged QH gelding
-large mass with small feet
-poor foot conformation and/or maintenance |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose navicular syndrome? |
|
Definition
-forelimb lameness (usually bilateral): poistive hoof tester, positive lower limb flexion, improves iwht regional block
-degenerative changes on rads, CT, or MRI |
|
|
Term
| What does navicular syndrome look like of rads? |
|
Definition
-increase in size and number of synovial invaginations
-loss of corticomedullary margin in presence of cortical defects
0cystic lesions
-entheseophyte formation
-mineralization of DDFT |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat navicular syndrome? |
|
Definition
-degenerative disease wihtout a cure
-can be managed: change in exercise/career, corrective shoeing, systemic therapies, local therapies |
|
|
Term
| What methods of corrective shoeing do we employ for treating navicular syndrome? |
|
Definition
-shorten/roll the toe: to ease break over
-shoe very full in the heel: provide direct support to heel
-elevate heel: dec strain on NB and DDFT
-wide-web shoes: more ground contact surface
-light weight shoes |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the systemic therapies we use to treat navicular syndrome? |
|
Definition
-intermittent NSAIDs
-PSGAGs
-Hyaluronate
Bisphosponates
-oral neutraceuticals |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the local therapies we use to treat navicular syndrome? |
|
Definition
-injections into DIPJ: corticosteroids, hyaluronate
-injections into navicular bursa: smae
-regional limb perfusion: tiludronate
-shock wave therapy |
|
|
Term
| What are our surgical options for treating navicular syndrome? |
|
Definition
-Bursoscopy/tenoscopy
-desmotomy of the navicular suspensory ligaments
0palmar digital neurectomy |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis for navicular syndrome? |
|
Definition
-with treatment, short term = fair to good
-with treatment, long term = guarded |
|
|
Term
| Are navicular bone fractures common or rare? Where do they most often occur? Predisposition? |
|
Definition
-rare
-most in forelimbs and are traumatic in origin
-severe chronic navicular bone degeneration can predispose |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of a navicular bone fracture? |
|
Definition
-sudden onset of lameness grades 3-5/5
-unwilling to place heel on the ground
-positive response to hoof testers |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose navicular bone fracture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat a navicular bone fracture? |
|
Definition
-stall rest
-NSAIDs
-heel elevation shoeing
-internal fixation
-rehab
-palmar/plantar digital neurectomy |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of navicular bone fracture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is septic navicular bursitis? What causes it? |
|
Definition
-bacterial contamination of ht enavicular bursa
caused by: penetrating injury, severe heel bulb lacerations, iatrogenic |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of septic navicular bursitis? |
|
Definition
| -severe lameness of acute onset |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose septic navicular bursitis? |
|
Definition
-hirstory or rads
-contract rads
-arthrocentesis: inc WBC, TP see bacteria |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat septic navicular bursitis? |
|
Definition
-systemic broad spectrum antimicrobials
-regional limb antibiotic perfusion
-poulticing/soaking of the sole
-wound debridement/closure
-lavage
-ventral drainage thru the sole |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of septic navicular bursitis? |
|
Definition
-guarded to poor
-infections are difficult to elimnate
-street nail procedure generally considered a salvage procedure
-bursoscopy and lavage may increase chance to return to intended use |
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