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Disease! - 3
Disease!
26
Biology
Post-Graduate
07/07/2009

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

What is the bacteria that causes TB? 

 

What is one interesting fact about the growth time for the TB bacteria? 

 

What percentage of people get latent infection? 

Definition

 

Mycobacteria tubercle

 

It is usually a lot longer

 

90% of the people get latent infection

Term

 

What is the primary route of transport for the TB bacteria? 

 

When it is in the macrophage, what doesn't it allow it to do? 

Definition

 

Through the lungs especially the alveoli where it replicates and meets macrophages

 

 

It doesn't allow it to be fused with a lysosome  

Term

 

 

 

What is a tubercle and indicate what kinds of cells comprise it? 

Definition
A tubercle is a ball of immune cells with the bacteria inside because it is the immune response to the original infection of the bacteria with the infected macrophages on the inside, then the recruited macrophages which are pre-activated and CTLs and T helper cells.
Term

 

How many infections are latent TB?

 

Is latent TB infectious and does it need any treatment?

Definition

 

90% are latent TB while 10% of them are actually active TB 

 

 

Since the virus is not infectious, it does not require a treatment

Term

 

 

 

How can you test for TB? 

Definition

 

Mantoux skin test with PPD - inject this into skin, and check 48-72 laters 

 

If pos. - then you do have an infection

If neg. - then you have never been exposed to the bacteria before 

Term

 

 

How can you confirm a positive test for TB and what are some problems with a positive test? 

Definition

 

Confirm it through a chest xray, blood test or culture the bacteria (take wks to months to grow) 

 

Could be TB exposure or it could be a previous TB test (BCG vaccine) 

Term

 

 

What is the treatment phase for TB? 

Definition

 

 

 

Abx - 3 Abx tx for 6 months daily 

Term

What is the meaning of tolerance pertaining to the immune system? 

 

 

What are the two types of tolerance? 

Definition

tolerate self-Ag and not attack; reduces reaction to self Ag 

 

 

Central tolerance and peripheral tolerance 

Term

 

 

What is central tolerance? 

Definition

A test cell is used to present several different self - Ags to maturing B and T cells 

if it doesnt react it goes into circulation

if it does react then the lymphocyte is destroyed or the receptor is edited 

Term

 

 

 

What are the 3 ways peripheral tolerance works by? 

Definition

1) Anergic - if lymphocyte binds self-Ag then if it is a healthy no co-stimulation from cytokine so the lymphocyte becomes anergic 

2) Self-destruct-when lymphocyte activated, clonal deletion by another cell 

3)Regulatory t cells-Tr cells decrease effector cells in absence of infection 

Term

 

 

 

What is Goodpasture's syndrome? 

Definition

 

 

immune reaction to collagen (glue that helps join cells and is usually found in basement membrane) 

 

 

Term

 

 

 

What are signs of goodpastures syndrome? 

Definition

Patients never go deaf

 

<1/2 have lung problems especially those who smoke 

 

Kidney problems (all) - because blood passes through cells and auto-ab get in 

Term

 

What is IDDM?

 

 

What can IDDM lead to? 

Definition

T cell driven destruction of pancreas which halts all production of insulin 

Insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus 

 

lead to damage to blood vessel walls (artherosclerosis), increase stroke, nerve damagem blindness, kidney damage

Term

What is TX for IDDM?

 

 

Why would children show cases of IDDM or the childhood onset IDDM?

Definition

Insulin

 

Because the kids would have these autoantibodies attach on when they were consecutively sick with another disease that mistakenly puts cytokines in the system and activated these Abs, producing IDDM

Term

What is molecular mimcry? 

 

 

What is a classic example of this? 

Definition

when the surface molecule on our cells might be similar to the surface molecule of Ag

 

Multiple sclerosis 

Term

 

 

What happens in multiple sclerosis? 

Definition

T cells attack oligodendicytes (the support cells for neurons which provide the wraps around neurons w/o them neurons die) 

 

leads to formation of scars - tiny hardened tissues - scleroses

Term

What specifically do the T cells attack in multiple sclerosis? 

 

What are the Sx for MS? 

Definition

The myelin basic protein on the oligodendricytes 

 

-loss of gait

-blindness or impaired vision 

-fatigue 

-paresthesia 

-paresis 

-paralysis 

Term

 

What are the 6 treatments for autoimmune disorders? 

Definition

- plasmapheresis - remove Ab 

- using corticosteroids - act as an immunosuppresant 

- replace lost hormone that the gland made 

- Surgery 

- Drug analogue to self-Ag

- Unconvential therapies - Placebo 

Term

 

 

What are some diseases that a person with NIDDM can be at risk for? 

Definition

 

Risk for CVD

Kidney Failure

Blindness 

Neuropathies 

Myopathies 

 

Term

 

 

How does NIDDM occur in individuals? 

Definition
Rich diet leads to chronically elevated blood sugar (glucose) which will tell the body to chronically release insulin and eventually cells will stop responding to insulin and there is no glucose uptake and glucose stays high 
Term

 

 

What are the effects of high blood sugar (glucose)? 

 

Definition

 

Binds to proteins on endothelial cells 

- causes cells to thicken and injure 

-these cells line the CV system and will damage them too 

Term

 

 

What are some treatments for NIDDM? 

Definition

 

Can try insulin (eventually cells will ignore it) 

Regulate diet 

Exercise 

Meds - enhance glucose uptake 

Term

 

 

What is the #1 killer when it comes to disease? 

Definition

 

 

 

Cardiovascular disease 

Term

 

 

Starting from the inner to the out of the blood vessel please tell all the layers? 

Definition

1) Intima - endothelium and then the elastic fibers and collagen 

2) Media - smooth muscle cells, elastic fibers, connective tissue 

3) Adventitia - connects tissue to organs (connective tissue)

Term

 

 

What are the 5 most common cases of CVD? 

Definition

- Heart failure - too weak to pump blood 

-Obstruction to flow - blockage narrowing of vessels 

- Regurgitant flow - valves defective 

- Impairment to induction - defect blocks electric impulse 

- Discontinuity in circulatory system - blood leaks 

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