Term
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Definition
a muscle located below the testicles in the
scrotal sac which relaxes/contracts to pull
the testicles in closer to the body, in order to
keep them at optimal temperature (95°-96ºF) |
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Term
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Definition
a muscle located in the lateral walls of the
scrotal sac which relaxes/contracts to pull
the testicles up closer to the body, in order to
keep them at optimal temperature (95°-96ºF)
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Term
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Definition
the layer of tissue from the pelvic cavity lining
that surrounds the testicles |
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Term
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Definition
| the cavity located in the pelvic cavity inferior to the visceral organs, formed by the descent of the testicles into the scrotum. Eventually closes off. |
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Term
Cryptorchidism (Condition) |
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Definition
the condition that refers to any testis that is not in the scrotum.
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Term
Cryptorchidism (Incidence) |
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Definition
about 30% in all premature males;
1% - 3% of all full term males |
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Term
Cryptorchidism (Etiology) |
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Definition
unknown; perhaps due to hormone deficiency |
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Term
Cryptorchidism (Problems) |
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Definition
if left untreated, infertility or sterility may occur at puberty |
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Term
Cryptorchidism (Treatment) |
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Definition
| Orchiopexy is needed to retrieve and secure the testicle; however, often the undescended testicles will descend into the scrotum on their own in the first 3 months after birth. |
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Term
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Definition
a collection of fluid found anywhere along the length of the processus vaginalis
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Term
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Definition
an opening in the processus vaginalis |
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Term
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Definition
| increased size of scrotum causes pain and occasionally the hydrocele may obstruct blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
these may be aspirated (drained) but fluid usually
re-accumulates. Surgery may be necessary to close the
processus vaginalis. |
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Term
Testicular Torsion (Condition) |
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Definition
a twisting of the spermatic cord which may occur in newborns but most often in young boys. |
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Term
Testicular Torsion (Problems) |
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Definition
| this causes pain, impaired blood flow and localized swelling; if torsion is present for more than 24 hours the survival of the testicle is doubtful due to the lack of blood flow. |
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Term
Testicular Torsion (Treatment) |
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Definition
| With early detection, surgery may be performed to open the scrotum, untwist the spermatic cord, and secure the testicle to the scrotal wall at multiple sites. |
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Term
Testicular Cancer (Incidence) |
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Definition
| these tumors represent the most common tumors of men between 20 and 34 years of age in the U.S. |
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Term
Testicular Cancer (Problems) |
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Definition
| pain, infertility, and spread to other organs |
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Term
Testicular Cancer (Treatment) |
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Definition
95% of tumors involve seminiferous tubules cells; treatment of testicular cancer can be complicated:
- after diagnosis, removal of testis/spermatic cord
- if cancer has spread, removal of lymph nodes
- radiation and/or chemotherapy may be needed
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that replaces weeks of radiation therapy with just one dose. proven to be 72% more effective in preventing cancerous growth in the remaining testicle after 5 years than radiation therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of events leading to the production of sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| highly coiled tubular structures found within each testicle, in which sperm cells are first created |
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Term
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Definition
| large cells within the seminiferous tubules which protect the developing sperm from the body's immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| cells located within the testicles, intermediate to the coils of the seminiferous tubules which produce the male sex hormone testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| stands for interstitial cell stimulating hormone; released by the brain at puberty; stimulates the interstitial cells to produce testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| stands for follicle stimulating hormone; stimulates the Sertoli cells to produce ABP |
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Term
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Definition
| stands for androgen binding protein; allows the developing sperm to bind to the testosterone and spermatogenesis is induced. |
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Term
Pathway of developing sperm |
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Definition
- seminiferous tubule
- epididymis
- ductus (vas) deferens
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Term
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Definition
| a 20 foot long coiled tube attached to the testicle; it functions to store the immature (nearly motile) sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| the inflammation of the epididymis most often caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae, the the bacterium responsible for gonorrhea |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common sexually transmitted disease; male symptoms include inflammation of the urethra, pain in urination, and a urethral discharge of pus. |
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Term
Gonorrhea (Prevention & Treatment) |
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Definition
| the best prevention is abstinence and safe sex; the drug of choice is Cipro, however, Cipro resistant strains are known. |
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Term
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Definition
| an 18 inch long tubular structure that extends from the epididymis to the prostate; it functions to store mature (motile) sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
Voluntary sterilization of the male; a section of the ductus deferens is surgically removed near the epididymis.
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Term
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Definition
| glands that secrete a fluid that contains mainly fructose, which is used as an energy on their voyage |
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Term
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Definition
| a continuation of the duct system inside the prostate; located at the union of the ductus deferenes and the seminal vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
accessory gland located below the urinary bladder of males; secretes an acidic fluid which contains:
- citric acid (nutrients)
- seminalplasmin (bactericidal)
- prostate specific antigen (PSA; liquifies semen)
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Term
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Definition
| stands for digital (finger) rectal exam; screening test for possible prostate or seminal vesicle problems |
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Term
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
[Condition & Incidence] |
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Definition
| the enlargement of the prostate; occurs in approximately 80% of males over 60 |
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Term
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
[Etiology & Symptoms]
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Definition
| unknown cause; some symptoms are prostatic urethral constriction and difficult and painful urination |
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Term
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
[Detection]
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Definition
| detected by digital rectal exam (DRE); or transrectal ultrasonography (TRU) |
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Term
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
[Treatment]
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Definition
| treatment usually involves the removal of the overgrowth by a TURP (Transurethral Removal of the Prostate) with a wire filament; in some cases a prostatectomy is needed |
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Term
Prostate Cancer (Etiology & Incidence) |
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Definition
| unknown cause; 2nd leading cause of death from cancer in males in the U.S. |
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Term
Prostatic Cancer (Symptoms) |
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Definition
| similar symptoms to BPH but as the tissue grows it invades the surrounding tissues and becomes painful. |
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Term
Prostatic Cancer (Detection) |
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Definition
| DRE, TRU, or biopsy are the main methods of detection; blood tests may also be done, Serum Prostate - Specific Agent may be elevated in a benign case. |
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Term
Prostatic Cancer (Treatment) |
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Definition
treatment depends on the stage and the age/health of the patient:
- radiation therapy
- prostatectomy
- hormone therapy (blocks testosterone)
- antiangiogenesis drugs
- IRESSA - inhibits cell division
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Term
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Definition
- Prostatic: the portion found in the prostate
- Membranous: portion between prostate and penis
- Penile: portion found in the penis
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Term
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Definition
| 2 small glands attached to the base of the penis that secrete a small amount of thick clear basic fluid during sexual arousal. |
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Term
Male pseudohermaphroditism |
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Definition
caused by either inadequate amounts of testosterone or by delayed development of reproductive organs; results in external genitalia that look female
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Term
Hypospadias (Condition & Incidence) |
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Definition
| 1% of male births; occurs when the urethral folds do not fuse together along the entire length |
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Term
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Definition
| unknown cause; may occur due to testosterone imbalances, mother's steroid use during pregnancy or dietary factors |
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Term
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Definition
| urethral opening on the top of the penis; can be related to extrophy of the bladder which occurs when the abdominal wall does not form below the navel; corrected with tissue grafting |
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Term
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Definition
| may be a genetic problem, but could also stem from the degradation of the seminiferous tubules |
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Term
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Definition
| erectile dysfunction; the inability to achieve and/or maintain an erection; could be related to physical or psychological problems |
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Term
Impotence (Non-oral Treatment) |
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Definition
| injections of prostaglandins (Caverject & Edex) and urethral suppositories of prostaglandins (Muse) |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequence of events leading to the development of the egg cell |
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Term
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Definition
| luteinizing horomone; the hormone responsible for causing the primary oocyte to divide into a secondary oocyte and and a polar body. |
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Term
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Definition
follicle stimulating hormone; primarily responsible for increasing the number of granulosa cells
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Term
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Definition
| created by LH after the release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary; produces hormones estrogen and progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone that prepares the uterus for implantation and causes the development of the female's secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone that helps prepare the uterus for implantation |
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Term
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Definition
| contain either menstranol (synthetic estrogen) and norethynodrel/norethinodrine (synthetic progesterone) which inhibit the brain from producing LH and FSH, thus no egg is produced |
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Term
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Definition
essentially birth control pills but with much higher doses of estrogen and progestin; three possible results:
- change the uteral lining to prevent implantation
- inhibit or delay ovulation
- impede tubal transport of egg or sperm
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Term
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Definition
| functions by inhibiting the production of progesterone which directs the flow of nutrients to the uteral lining during pregnancy; can be taken through the 49th day of pregnancy |
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Term
8th Week of Fetal Development |
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Definition
| stage of fetal development in which brain waves and a heart beat are detectable |
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Term
Ovarian Cysts (Etiology & Condition) |
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Definition
| unknown cause; usually sacs on an ovary that contain fluid or semisolid material |
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Term
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Definition
| normally small ones produce no symptoms; however large ones can be painful; the main problem is when they rupture because this may result in hemorrhage. |
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Term
Ovarian Cysts (Treatment) |
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Definition
| usually they diminish or rupture on their own within 60 days; however if they persist, surgery may be necessary |
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Term
Ovarian Cancer (Condition, Incidence & and Etiology) |
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Definition
| the uncontrolable growth of the ovarian tissue; the 4th leading cause of female cancer; cause is unknown |
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Term
Ovarian Cancer (Symptoms) |
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Definition
| symptoms include abdominal swelling, abdominal pain, non-menstrual bleeding, weight loss, problems with urination, and constipation |
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Term
Ovarian Cancer (Detection) |
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Definition
- transvaginal sonography - for early stages
- MRI - good for visualizing soft tissue
- Blood tests - CA125 - predictive value of 25%
- proteomic fingerprinting - detection of multiple proteins
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Term
Ovarian Cancer (Treatment) |
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Definition
| usually includes the removal of the uterus, ovaries, and oviducts. radiation and chemotherapy may be used along with surgery |
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Term
Uterine Tubes/Oviducts/Fallopian Tubes
(4 Parts) |
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Definition
- infundibulum: closest part to the ovary
- ampula: the longest part
- isthmus: narrowed portion
- interstitial segment: the part that connects to the uteral opening
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Term
Tubular Pregnancy (Condition) |
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Definition
| since the fertilization of the egg occurs in the oviduct, this is a common place for the egg to implant itself and begin enlarging |
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Term
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Definition
| a pregnancy that occurs anywhere but the uterus; 90-95% occur in the oviduct |
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Term
Tubular Pregnancy (Symptoms & Problems) |
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Definition
| symptoms are abdominal pain and discomfort; complications include enlargement, rupture, and subsequent hemorrhage of the uterine tube. |
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Term
Tubular Pregnancy (Treatment) |
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Definition
| treatment includes the removal of the oviduct (salpingectomy), recently some developing eggs have been removed and transplanted to the uterus with minimal success (15%) |
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Term
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Definition
| an inflammation of the oviducts which may be caused by untreated sexually transmitted disease or bacterial invasion (staph/streph) |
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Term
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Definition
| when pus accumulates in the oviducts due to a bacterial invasion and the tubes swell shut |
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Term
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Definition
| after salpingitis subsides with antibiotic treatment, the tubes become filled with a watery fluid |
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Term
Salpingitis (Problems & Recognition) |
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Definition
| the swelling may cause the adhesion of tubes to eachother, blocking off the tube which can be detected by a hysterosalpingogram |
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Term
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Definition
| a voluntary sterilization technique which involves the removal of a portion of each oviduct and tying the ends off |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical opening of the pelvic cavity and inflating it in order to operate on the organs |
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Term
Uterine Lining (3 Layers) |
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Definition
- perimetrium - outermost layer
- myometrium - muscular middle layer
- endometrium - innermost layer which consists of the basal layer and the functional layer
endometrium displays constant activity of alternating growth and removal of the functional layer |
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Term
Amenorrhea - The absence of mensturation
(3 Categories) |
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Definition
- Normal - before puberty and after menopause
- Primary - failure to menstruate once puberty is reached; caused by low estrogen levels
- Secondary - cessation of menstruation in women who previously had normal periods; caused by hormonal disturbances and psychological factors
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Term
Dysmenorrhea (Condition & Etiology) |
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Definition
| painful or difficult menstruation that may be accompanied by severe menstrual cramps; caused by the overproduction of prostaglandins which induce uterine contractions; treated by prostaglandin inhibitors like ibuprofen and naproxen |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive menstrual bleeding during period |
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Term
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Definition
spotting between menstrual periods
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Term
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Definition
| deficient amounts of menstrual flow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased frequency of menstruation |
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Term
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Definition
| the descent of the uterus into the vagina; occurs when supporting ligaments relax; treatment involves tightening of the pelvic support as well as the insertion of a pessary which holds the uterus in place |
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Term
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Condition) |
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Definition
| inflammation of the oviducts due to the destruction of the cervical mucus which creates the bacteriostatic envronment |
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Term
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Symptoms) |
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Definition
| abdominal pain/tenderness, fever, and pus like discharge |
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Term
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Treatment) |
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Definition
| treatment involves the introduction of antibiotic agents in the form of pelvic washes; if the infection is significant then it may become life threatening and the removal of ovaries, oviducts and uterus |
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