Term
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Definition
| The total requirement for gasses and nutrients. Larger animals have higher absolute requirements than smaller animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's adjustments to stresses on a chronic timescale indused experimentally in a lab. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's adjustments to stresses on a chronic timescale in the wild. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short-term time scale. Minutes to hours. Example: daily fluctuations in temperature. Effects behaviours and physiological adjustments. |
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Term
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Definition
| A population's adjustments to stresses through natural selection on a generational timescale. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulators for ionic regulation, and conformers for temperature. |
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Term
| Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) |
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Definition
| Bind to ice crystals, inhibiting further growth. Inhibit ice formation in cells of freeze tolerant organisms. Stabilize a supercooled state in reeze intolerant species. Produced in the skin and tissues of arctic fish in winter months. |
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Term
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Definition
| Especially effected by climate change. Warming at a higher rate than other parts of the world. Ecosystems based on cold habitat. In the past it was once a lush forest similar to habitats found at lower latitudes today. Many fossils of brachiopods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has sea ice, pack ice, ice caps, glaciers, and icebergs. Ice cover all or part of the year. Organisms are adapted to cope with ice. |
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Term
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Definition
Salvelinus alpinus
An arctic fish. Found in cold arctic lakes, rivers, and the ocean. Increasing water temperature increases their heart rate and induces other changes in the cardiovascular system. |
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Term
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Definition
Eriphorum callitrix
An arctic plant. A sedge. |
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Term
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Definition
Alopex lagopus
An arctic terrestrial animal. |
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Term
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Definition
Urocitellus parryii
An arctic terrestrial animal. Hibernates in the winter. |
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Term
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Definition
Salix artica
An arctic plant. A shrub. |
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Term
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Definition
Fratercula artica
An arctic marine bird. |
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Term
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Definition
| Species are distributed in pattern geographically, not just by habitat, and these patterns correspond to the Earth's history of plate techtonics. An example of vicariance. Example: Wallace's Line. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulators for ionic regulation and temperature. Experience torpor. |
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Term
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Definition
Picea mariana
An arctic plant. A tree. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased by dilation, evaporation, metabolic depression, laying in dirt, finding shade, and aestivation. Increased by shivering, non-shivering thermogenesis, digestion, muscle activity, constriction, metabolic depresion, and heterothermy. |
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Term
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Definition
Balaena mysticetus
An arctic marine mammal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproductively mature individuals move. Example: tumbleweed. |
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Term
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Definition
Ursus arctos
In a sister taxa with polar bears. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fat cells with a high density of mitochondria that have thermogenin. Have non-shivering thermogenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
Rangifer tarandus
An arctic terrestrial animal. Can migrate 2000 km each year to find enough food in the arctic landscape. The world has 43 major caribou herds and 34 of them are declining. Wolves are a threat to caribou. Climate change causes starvation because of interrupted freeze-thaw cycles. Stays active in the winter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensitive to temperature changes. Most cells can tolerate brief increases in temperature, but longer periods can kill the cell by deactivating enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A 10 year project involving 2700 scientists from 80 nations. Required 540 expeditions, and cost $650 million. Research of this magnitude is difficult to accomplish. The Arctic Ocean was included. Successful in improving our knowledge of ocean biodiversity, with more than 2600 scientific publication, 6000 potential new species discovered, and 28 million distribution records achieved to date. |
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Term
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Definition
| A family of fish without hemoglobin. They lack functional red blood cells. Very high blood oxygen content. Constly and less efficient circulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins involved in helping complex proteins fold into their native states. Includes HPS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long-term time scale, within one individal's lifetime. Weeks to years. Example: seasonal fluctuations in temperature. Effects migration and acclimatization. |
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Term
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Definition
| The polar bear capital of the world. Around 10,000 tourists visit annually. Some people pay over $11,000 for the "Ultimate Polar Bear Experience": 10 days in a specialized bus that drives around locating polar bears. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rhythm of light and darkness that occurs daily. Plants and animals have physiological and behavioural changes linked to this rhythm. Controlled by external or internal mechanisms. Internal clock is set by external conditions, but is not dependent on light. |
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Term
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Definition
| A physiological or behavioural rhythm that occurs annually. |
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Term
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Definition
| Delivers and takes away gasses, nutrients, and wastes from the respiratory system, digestive system, muscular-skeletal system, and excretory systems of animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| There are many peer-reviewed scientific journals that give evidence of climate change. CO2 in the air influences the temperature of the planet. Glaciers lose mass. Less ice in the oceans. Average temperatures have increased and are projected to increase by 8°C. Biological impacts, political and economic impacts, aesthetics, cultural changes. |
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Term
| Climate Summit in Copenhagen |
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Definition
| In 2009 Canada agreed to a 17% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2020. We are not on track; we have only reduced 7%. |
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Term
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Definition
| Do not hitch rides on coconuts as previously thought. They lay their eggs in water, and the eggs float from island to island in the same current patterns as floating coconuts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower freezing point of body fluids by increasing the concentration of solutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Climate change effects species distribution or frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Allow internal environments to follow external change. Their internal values follow the line of conformity. |
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Term
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Definition
Calanus
A tiny crustacean that dominates the Arctic Ocean. The main food source of many aqutic animals. Eat algae that grow on the underside of sea ice. As sea ice thins, they may be threatened, altering the entire food chain. |
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Term
| Counter-current heat exchange system |
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Definition
| Arteries bring warm blood to the feet. As blood returns, a network of veins creates a heat gradient as cold blood re-enters the body. Found in the feet of penguins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A surface on the leaves of plants which can limit water loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycerol, sugars. Stabilize the cells of freeze tolerant organisms by decreasing the freezing point of the cytosol, preventing osmotic damage when extracellular fluids freeze. Increase supercooling capacity in freeze intolerant organisms. |
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Term
| Deepwater Horizon oil spill |
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Definition
| An oil spill in the Beaufort Sea. The World Wildlife Fund predicts that if this occurred, oil would spread quickly, reaching the Arctic National Wildlife Refuce. Deep-water drilling has great eonomic potential, but huge risks. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Increased temperature and less time with full ice cover alter arctic ecosystems. Terrestrial populations are isolated to land. Phytoplankton productivity is reduced, affecting the entire food chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of interrelationships between organisms and biotic and abiotic components of their environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Climate change has complex effects on nutrient cycling between abotic and biotic factors. |
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Term
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Definition
"Outside heat"
aka Cold-blooded
Animals that rely on environmental sources of heat. Body temperature is equal to that of the envronment. Any heat generated by metabolism is quickly dissipated. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates. Strategies for surviving the cold incluude freeze avoidance and freeze tolerance. |
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Term
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Definition
Aptenodytes forester
Found in th Antarctic. Breeding grounds are inland where no food is available. May loose 40% of body mass while spending the winter guarding eggs. White fat provides fuel for this time. Huddling in large masses helps reduce heat loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolved in this region and found only in this region. |
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Term
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Definition
"Inside heat"
aka Warm-blooded
Animals that generate their own internal heat through metabolism. Mammals and birds. Regulate body temperature by sensing changes in internal temperature and altering physiological processes and behaviour to bring internal temperatures to normal. Mammals maintain body temperature around 37°C. There may be a thick layer of insulating blubber under the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A macromolecule. Function best within a specific range of temperatures. Decrease in temperatures slow action. Icrease in temperature speeds action, or can damage enzymes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of both adaptive and non-adaptive change over time in populations, the origin and extinction of species, and the relationships among living things. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
aka Sea monkeys
A freeze intolerant organism that lays resting eggs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulators for ionic regulation, and conformers for temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Have been discovered in the fat of Arctic orcas and Antarctic penguins. Far from where they were used. Could cause cancer, interfere with brain development, and alter hormone function. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Freeze intolerant
A strategy for surviving cold at sub-zero temperatures. Ice does not form. Supercooling. Includes resting eggs. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy for surviving cold. Controlled ice formation. Ice forms in the interstitial fluid. AFPs inhibit additional ice formation in specific tissues and cells. Cyroprotectants stabilize cells, preventing osmotic damage when extracellular fluids freeze. INAs initiate ice formation outside of cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most animals require O2 and release CO2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long-term time scale over multiple generations of individuals. Example: gradual climate change. Effects habitat tracking, adaptation, and extinction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A scientific literature search engine. |
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Term
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Definition
Gadus morhua
An arctic fish. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hybrids between polar bears and brown bears. |
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Term
| Heat-shock proteins (HPS) |
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Definition
| Chaperone proteins released during heat stress. Attaches to proteins and stabilizes them, restoring enyme function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintaining different temperatures in different parts of the body. Flippers of whales, seals, and walruses, legs of wading birds, northern birds, caribou, and wolves. Blood is pre-cooled before entering these extremities, and warmed back up when it recirculates. |
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Term
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Definition
| The den where animals hibernate. Some animals store food in the hibernaculum and awake periodically to eat it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduction in metabolic rate and body temperature so that less energy is required for thermoregulation in low temperatures. Larger mammals. Lasts weeks to months. Must build up large white fat stores for fuel beforehand. Weight is lost during hibernation. Waking from hibernation requires a lot of energy. Non-shivering thermogenesis in brown fat, shivering thermotenesis, and hyperventilation. Decreased metabolic rate and blood flow. |
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Term
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Definition
Land of the Midnight Sun
Terrestrial environment is dominated by tundra. Freshwater and marine habitats. The sun does not set in the summer and does not rise in the winter. Example: Resolute and Devon Island. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintenance of a constant internal environment despite fluctuating external environment on an acute timescale. Use of negative feedback loops. Maintenance of blood pH, ion concentration, glucose. In endotherms temperature is regulated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acclimatization to temperature of the cell membranes of ectotherms and the different regions of an animal with heterothermy. Change in the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. In low temperatures, membrane fluidity is increased. In high temperature, membrane fluidity is decreased. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the external environment is above the internal environment set point. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water leaves cells due to osmosis, causing cells to shrink. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the external environment is below the internal environment set point. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Water enters cells due to osmosis, causing cells to shrink. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expel solutes, increasing concentration of ions in surrounding water, which could have osmotic effects. |
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Term
| Ice-nucleating agents (INAs) |
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Definition
| Proteins, salts, bacteria, et cetera. Initiate ice formtion. Cause ice formation outside of the cells of freeze tolerant organisms. Not present in freeze intolerant organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fluid that is in contact with all cells of an animal. Exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes with the cell. Often it is circulatory fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conformers for ionic regulation and temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water is osmotically balanced between the outside and inside of the cell. It stays a stable size. |
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Term
| Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) |
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Definition
| The final enzyme in aerobic glycolysis. Synthesizes lactate. Activity varies with temperature. Modified durign acclimatization to temperature. In warmer temperatures it has a more rigid isoform. In colder temperatures it has a more flexible isoform. Isoforms do not work as well in the incorrect temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has a large head, chubby body, furry feet, and a stubby tail. A small mammal that does not hibernate. In the winter they eat old grass that they find while burrowing under the snow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Well suited to the arctic; lack roots and do not require soil. A composite organism consisting of an algal component and a fungal component. Convert solar energy and CO2 into carbohydrates and O2. Fungi use carbohydrates and O2 as a food source. Very dry and cold tolerant. |
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Term
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Definition
| A graduate student at U of G studying the effect of temperature on rainbow trout. |
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Term
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Definition
aka Non-native
aka Introduced
aka Invasive
Evolved elsewhere not nearby and was brought to this area. Could be tranported by migratory birds or humans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. Sensitive to temperature changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulators for ionic regulation and temperature. Experience both hibernation and torpor. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of O2 consumed per unit of time. Measured with a respirometer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organelles that generate ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Climate change effects them with higher temperature which increases motion of molecules. Increases kinetic energy. |
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Term
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Definition
Silene caulis
An arctic plant. A flowering plant. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Ovibos moschiatus
An arctic terrestrial animal. Stays active in the winter. |
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Term
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Definition
Monodon monoceros
An arctic marine mammals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Young individuals move from their birthplace prior to reproducing. Exmple: hitchhiker seeds that cling to clothing and fur, berries that are eaten and defecated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintains homeostasis of factors in certain range. Example: temperature. |
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Term
| Non-colligative antifreeze |
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Definition
| Lowers the freezing point of body fluids due to specialied chemical properties. |
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Term
| Non-shivering thermogenesis |
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Definition
| Production of heat from brown fat. Thermogenin in the mitochondria allows brown fat to produce 10 times more heat than white fat. Warms the entire body. Temperature regulated by adrenaline. Human babies have brown fat in the shoulder and neck areas. |
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Term
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Definition
Rana sylvatica
Freeze solids in the winter, hiding under leaf litter or soil. Ice forms between cells and body cavities; water is 65% frozen. Accumulate glycerol as freeing begins, protecting cell membranes and limiting osmotic imbalance. Production of AFPs is triggered by adrenaline. Glucose acts as osmolyte antifreeze, lowering the freezing point of tissues and inhibiting metabolic processes. While frozen, heart and breathing stops completely. Thaws and returns to normal in the spring. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Animals require food with carbohydrtes, fats, and proteins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Temperature changes have complex effects. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The passive movement of water across a membrane from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution of high solute concentrations. Causes hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An Antarctic bird. In danger due to reduced sea ice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A head group and two fatty acid tails. Membranes are comprised of phospholipids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of organism structure and function, including homeostasis and encompassing cells, tissues, organs, and body systems. |
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Term
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Definition
Ursus maritimus
An arctic marine mammal. Has thick fur and blubber. Large; low surface area to volume ratio. Hairs are hollow to trap heat. The poster child of the environmental movement. There won't be a decline in population over the next few decades, but there are some areas where populations are decreasing. Female polar bears fast for 5 months while producing cubs. Eat seals and narwhals. They are hunted legally by Inuit and Cree indigenous groups, earning substantial income. Male polar bears can be over 3 meters tall and weigh up to 600 kg. The largest bears. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Climate change effects survival, growth, and reproduction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Uncommon. The system is pushed father from initial state until it hits an endpoint. Example: in childbirth, uterine contractions produce oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions until the child is born. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A scientific literature search engine. |
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Term
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Definition
| An extinct freshwater mammal. A transitional form of modern seals. Had large feet and eyes. Otter-like. Agile in water, but could also hunt on land. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Evolved elsewhere nearby and its range expaned to include this area. Still found in its original range. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Evolved elsewhere nearby and its range shifted to this area. No longer found in its original range. |
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Term
|
Definition
Cladonia rangiferina
An arctic plant. A lichen. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Maintain constant internal environments in the face of varying environmental conditions. INternal values are constant, despite the line of conformity. Have areas of hyper-regulation and hypo-regulation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The gas and nutrients requirement per unit mass of the animal. Larger animals have smaller relative requirements. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Regulators for ionic regulation, and conformers for temperature. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A classification of freeze intolerant organism that lay eggs that can survive winter temperatures. Adults do not survive the winter. Include water fleas, fairy shrimp, and tadpole shrimp. |
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Term
|
Definition
Lacopus muta
An arctic terrestrial animal. Stays active in the winter. |
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Term
|
Definition
| No double bonds. Makes the membrane more solid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tried to map the Northwest Passage in 1845 but was never seen again. In 2014 his ship was found and the site is now a piece of Canadian cultural heritage. |
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Term
|
Definition
Hylocomium splendens
An arctic plant. A moss. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The pores in plants through which CO2 is taken from the air. Water is lost through evaporation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems with different abiotic and biotic factors. Example: Churchill, MB |
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Term
|
Definition
| AFPs stabilize a supercooled state. Cyroprotectants increase supercooling capacity. INAs are not used. Gut content is voided to prevent ice formation. Supercooling is dangerous when there is a chance for very low winter temperatures. The animal will instantly freeze to death. |
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Term
| Surface area to volume ratio |
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Definition
| The amount of surface area exposed to the environment relative to the total volume of the object. Smaller objects have higher ratio than larger objects. Some structures are folded to increase this ratio. This ratio in animals is a factor in if they have hibernation or torpor; smaller (higher ratios) animals have hibernation more so than torpor (more heat loss, higher thermoregulation cost). |
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Term
|
Definition
aka Tripos
A freeze intolerant organism that lays resting eggs. |
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Term
| Temperature quotient (Q10) |
|
Definition
The change in metabolic rate with an increase in temperature of 10ºC. Values are usually between 2 and 3, except when animals are hibernating. Can also be used to measure swimming rate, enzyme activity rate, and breathing rate.
Q10 = (RateT) / (RateT-10) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A protein in the mitochondria of brown fat cells that enables the cell to generate 10 times more heat than white fat cells during non-shivering thermogenesis. |
|
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Term
| This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate |
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Definition
| A book by Naomi Klein that argues that tackling climate change will not cause the economy to collapse. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A short period of dormancy that is similar to hibernation. Found in small endotherms with high metabolism. Require minimal food stores. Rapid body temperature to drop to 10ºC - 20ºC. Decreased metabolic rate, but |
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Term
|
Definition
| An example of breeding dispersal. The entire mature plant travels. |
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Term
|
Definition
| At least one double bond. Makes the cell membrane more fluid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Evolved elsewhere but the physical landscape itself changed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Looks like a mouse, but with a plumper body, blunt nose, small eyes, and short ears. A small mammal that does not hibernate. In the winter they eat twigs and arctic shrubs they find when burrowing under the snow. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A line in the Philippines across which there is different biodiversity, but the same habitats. An example of vicariance due to biogeography. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Animals produce fluid and solid wastes from digestion. Balance ion composition of internal fluids. Ions obtained from food or environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A freeze intolerant organism that lays resting eggs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A scientific literature search engine. |
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Term
|
Definition
Pleuronectes americanus
Produce AFPs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Canada's largest terrestrial weasel. A scavenging carnivore that avoids people. Has low population density and a wide habitat range. Doesn't hibernate. |
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Term
|
Definition
Lithobates sylvaticus
A freeze tolerant amphibian. |
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Term
|
Definition
Gynaephora groenlandica
An arctic terrestrial animal. An actotherm. Thaws out for a few weeks in the summer and grows a bit. Most of the year it remains frozen. May survive 13 to 14 years before metamorphosing into an adult moth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Previously common in northern climates in North America and Eurasia. Several morphological adaptations to the cold. Extripated from most of its range 10,000 years ago. Went extince 3,600 years ago due to climate change and being hunted by humans. Their hemoglobin unloaded oxygen more efficiently in colder conditions than hemoglobin from elephants. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A Norwegian scientist who is currently drifting on an ice flow in the Arctic for a year, researching the polar environment. |
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