Term
| The digestive tract is also called the |
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Definition
| gastrointestinal tract and the alimentary tract |
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Term
| the dgestive tract is about _ long |
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Definition
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Term
| the main parts of the digestive tract |
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Definition
| mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestin and anus |
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Term
| other organs that are outside the digestive tract but considered part of the digestive system are called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancrease |
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Term
| the functions fo the digestive tract |
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Definition
| ingestion, digestion, absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes |
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Term
| refers to the intake of nutrient molecules that can be used by the cells |
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Definition
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Term
| the process of digestion requires 3 things |
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Definition
| the adequate intake of offod and fluids, the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, the movement of food through the digestive tract |
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Term
| a watery solution that conatins amylas |
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Definition
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| an enzyme that initiates the breadown of carbohydrates |
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Definition
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| the widest section of the digestive tract |
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Definition
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Term
| the stomach consists of three sections |
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Definition
| the fundus, the body and the pylorus |
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Term
| a unique arrangement of muscle layers allows the stomach to churn the food, mixing with gastric secretions until it becomes a semiliquid mass called |
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Definition
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Term
| gastric secretions include |
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Definition
| rennin, pepsin, hydrochloric acid and lipase |
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Term
| rennin starts to break down |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| pepsin and hydrochloric acid partially digest |
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Definition
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Term
| the mall intestine is approximately _ and consists of three sections |
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Definition
20 ft
duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
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Term
| liver and pacreatic secreations enter the digestive tract in the |
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Definition
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Term
| bile produced in the _ and stored in the _ breaks down large _ |
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Definition
| liver, gallbladder, fat globules |
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Term
| the mucous membrane layer of the small intestine secretes the digestive enzymes |
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Definition
| sucrase, lactase, maltase, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, nucleosidase, lipase and enterokinase |
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Term
| chyme enters the large intestine through the |
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Definition
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Term
| the first section of the large intestineis the _ where the _ is located |
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Definition
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Term
| the largest internal organ in the body |
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Definition
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Term
| the liver is located under the _ in the _ of the abdomen |
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Definition
| diaphram, right upper quadrant |
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Term
| the termreticuloendothelial cells called _ ingest old red blood cells and bacteria hepatic revers to the |
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Definition
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Term
| parenchymal cells carry out various metabolic functions, including |
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Definition
| metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and steroids and detoxification of potentially harmful substances |
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Term
| a product of the normal breadown of old RBCs in the lvier |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| in the large intstine bile is convereted to _ and then to _ |
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Definition
| urobilinogen, stercobilin |
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Term
| the final break down product of bilirubin gives stool |
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Definition
| its characterristic brown color |
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Term
| helps to maintain the blood glucose within a certain range |
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Definition
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Term
| after a meal, excess glucose molecules are taken up by the liver, combined and then stored as glycogen, this process is called |
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Definition
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Term
| when the glusose leve in the blood falls glycogenis is reversed by |
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Definition
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Term
| _ are broken down in response to low blood glucose levels and the molecules are used to make new glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| _ are synthesised in the liver |
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Definition
| some nonessential amino acids, plasma proteins and clotting factors |
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Term
| another important liver function in relation to protein metabolism is the conversion of |
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Definition
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Term
| a by product of the metabolism of amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| if ammonia accumulates in the blood it has toxic effects on |
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Definition
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Term
| the liver synthesizes lipids from |
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Definition
| glucos, pyruvic acid and amino acids |
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Term
| the liver also syntehsizes |
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Definition
| fatty acids, breaks down triglycerides and synthesizes and breaks down cholesterol |
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Term
| two essential elements for coagulation |
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Definition
| prothrombin and fibrinogen |
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Term
| pts with liver diseas are at increased risk for |
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Definition
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Term
| antibodies and other substances that help to resist infection are produced in the |
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Definition
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Term
| the liver plays an important role in the metaboism of |
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Definition
| adrenocortical hormones, estrogen, testosterone and aldersterone |
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Term
| a yellow grean liquid that has several important functions |
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Definition
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Term
| bile contains _ which are essential for the emulsification and digestion of _ |
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Definition
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Term
| the biliar tracyt is made up of the |
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Definition
| gallbladder and the bile ducts |
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Term
| the function of the biliary tract is to deliver bile from teh |
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Definition
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Term
| bile is prodcued in the _ and channeled into the common _ |
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Definition
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Term
| bile flows from the liver to the _ where it is stored and concentrated |
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Definition
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Term
| a fish shaped organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen behind the stomach |
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Definition
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Term
| the exocrine function of the pancreas is carried out by |
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Definition
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Term
| composed of tiny grapelike clusters of cells that produce pancreatic fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| pancreatic fluid contains enzymes needed for the digestion of |
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Definition
| proteins, fats and carbohydrates |
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Term
| pancreatic enzymes that act on partially digested foods in the small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
| plays a role in the digestion of protein by breaking proteases and peptones into small polypetpides |
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Definition
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Term
| normally trypsin is not activated until it enters the |
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Definition
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| acts with intestinal enzymes to reduce starch, sucrose and fructose to glucose, fructose and galactose |
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Definition
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Term
| acts on emulsified fats to yield fatty acids, glycerides and glycerol |
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Definition
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Term
| celss that carry out endocrin function of the pancreas |
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Definition
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Term
| Islets of langerhans conatin _ cells |
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Definition
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Term
| produce and secret glucagon |
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Definition
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| produce and secrete insulin |
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Definition
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Definition
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| inhibits the release of glucagon and insulin |
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Definition
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| secrete pacreatic polypeptides, a family of peptides known chiefly for their inhibitory functions |
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Definition
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| secreted when the blood glucose level falls |
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Definition
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Term
| the use of - is significant in biliary tract disease |
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Definition
| estrogen or oral contraceptives |
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Term
| the use of _ may be relevant to biliary tract disorders |
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Definition
| thiazide diuretics, furosemide, oral contraceptives, corticosteroids, sulfonamindes and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs |
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Term
| a doldne yellow skin color associated with liver dysfunction or bile obstruction |
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Definition
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Term
| the sclera may turn yellow with liver disease, a condition called |
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Definition
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Term
| fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity |
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Definition
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Term
| percussion over an air filled organ produces an high pitched hollow sound called |
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Definition
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Term
| liver enlargment is called |
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Definition
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Term
| traditional edoscopic examinations permit direct inspection of hollow interior organs through a lighted tube called an |
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Definition
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Term
| endoscopic exams of the gi tract include |
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Definition
| esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, gastroduodenoscopy, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, endoscopic tretrograd cholangiographay and colonoscopy |
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Term
| patients are usually not permitted food or fluids for _ before and endoscopic examnination |
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Definition
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Term
| the most serious complicaiton of endoscopy |
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Definition
| perforation of the digestive tract |
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Term
| radiologic studies include the |
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Definition
| upper GI series, small bowel series and barium enam examinatiion |
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Term
| until all barium in a barium swallow study has been eliminated the stools are |
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Definition
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Term
| in the liver radiologic studies are used primarily to visualize the |
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Definition
| hepatic ciruclatory and biliary structures |
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Term
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Definition
| CT, MRI, hepatobiliar scinitgraphy(HIDA), abdominal ultrasound |
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Term
| a nuclear imaging scan that uses a radioactive substance |
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Definition
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Term
| tests and procdures used to diagnose biliary tract disorders are |
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Definition
| ultrasonogrphy, oral cholecystography, IV cholangiogrphy, T tube cholangiography, ednoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography |
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Term
| before a liver biopsy _ should be obtained and _ done |
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Definition
| baseline vital signs, blood coagulation studies |
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Term
| for a needle biopsy postion the pt |
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Definition
| supine with the right arm behind the head |
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Term
| the primary complications of liver biopsy are |
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Definition
| hemorhage and pneumothorax |
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Term
| tests to detect helocobacter pylori include analysis of the |
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Definition
| breath, urine, serum, stool and gastric biopsy tissue |
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Term
| studies that may be done to assess nutritional status include |
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Definition
| serum albumin, total lymphocyte count, urine creatinine, means corpusuclar volume and transferrin saturation |
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Term
| when liver disease is suspected lab studies may also be done to measure |
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Definition
| bilirubin, urinary and fecal urobilinogen, serum proteins, ammonia, vitamin k porduction, prothrombin time, international normalized ration and serum enzymes |
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Term
| lab studies r/t the biliary tract include |
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Definition
| liver funciton tests, serum and urin bilirubin measuremnts, alkaline phosphatase, aminotrasferase, cbc |
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Term
| specfic blood studies used to assess pancreatic function include measuremnte of serum |
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Definition
| amylase, lipase, glucose, clacium and triglycerides |
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Term
| blood that si not visible with the naked eye |
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Definition
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Term
| stool specimems may be examined for |
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Definition
| blood, bile, pathogenic organisms, parasite ova, fecal fat, WBC count |
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Term
| depending on the specific occult test used the pt may be insturcted not to eat red meat for _ days before the specimen is collected |
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Definition
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Term
| _ interferes with the results of some occult tests |
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Definition
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Term
| drugs that may interfere with blood occult tests |
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Definition
| salicylates, ascorbic acid, anticoagulants, steroids |
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Term
| tubes that are passed through the nose are called |
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Definition
| nasogastric, nasoduodenal, nasoenteric tubes |
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Term
| nasogastric tubes that may be dused for decompression |
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Definition
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Term
| nasoenteric tubes used for decompression of the small intestine include the |
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Definition
| miller abbott, cantor and harris tubes |
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Term
| a special tube used to control bleeding in the esophagus, generally used in pt with sever complications of liver disease |
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Definition
| sengstaken blakemore esophagus |
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Term
| used for feedings and are placed in the stomach through an opening |
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Definition
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Term
| levin and dobhoff tubes are used for |
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Definition
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Term
| a small nasoduodenal tube that is weighted so it passes through the stomach into the duodenum |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| grassy green, clear and colorless or brown |
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Term
| stomach contents normally have a pH of |
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Definition
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Term
| intestinal pH is normally |
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Definition
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Term
| signs and symptoms of dumping syndrome |
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Definition
| cold sweat, abdominal distention, weakness, rapid pulse, nause and diarrhea |
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Term
| GI decompression is sued to |
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Definition
| relieve or prevent distention |
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Term
| conditions that slow motility include |
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Definition
| peritonitis, obstruction and nay type of surgery performed while the pt is under general anesthesia |
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Term
| bypasses the digestive tract by delivering nutrients directly to the bloodstream |
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Definition
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Term
| TPN is never administered into a smaller vein because it would cause |
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Definition
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Term
| drugs that are commonly used for their effects on the digestive tract include |
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Definition
| antacids, antiulcer drugs, laxatives, antidirrheal drugs, antiemetics, antibacterial and antifungal drugs and antiinflammatory drugs |
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