Term
1. List two main divisions of the digestive system.
1. _____________________
2. _____________________ |
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Definition
1. Digestive (alimentary) tract
2. Accessory organs |
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Term
| 2.The four main layers of the digestive tract wall are: |
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Definition
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis externa
4. Serosa |
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Term
| Label the diagram below with the four main layers you listed in question 2 |
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Definition
| Serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, and mucosa |
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Term
| The mucosa includes a type of columnar ________that forms the inner lining of the lumen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood and lymph vessels of the mucosa are found in its lamina propria connective tissue layer. |
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Definition
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Term
| The smooth muscle layer of the mucosa is called the muscularis mucosa |
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Definition
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Term
| The function of epithelial goblet cells is to secrete mucin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enteroendocrine cells of the mucosa secrete hormones into the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| Absorption of nutrients occurs through the mucosal epithelium and into either blood or lymphatic (lacteal) vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| Label the vessels you listed in question 9 in the diagram below. |
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Definition
| Blood capillary, lymhatic (lacteal) |
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Term
| The muscularis mucosa has both circular and longitudinal fibers that function in moving the villi to aid in digestion and absorption. |
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Definition
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Term
| The built-in (intrinsic) network of nerve cells in the submucosa is the submucosal plexus. |
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Definition
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Term
| The two types of movements produced by contractions of the muscularis externa are peristalsis and segmentation. |
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Definition
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Term
| The network of neurons in between the two muscle layers of the muscularis externa is the myenteric plexus. |
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Definition
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Term
| The mouth, with its stratified squamous epithelium, is involved in both chemical and mechanical digestion. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the four regions of the stomach: |
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Definition
| Cardia, Fundus, Body, and Pylorus |
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Term
| List the three sheets of muscle in the stomach’s muscularis externa: |
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Definition
| Circular, longitudinal, and oblique |
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Term
| Label the three sheets of muscle in the stomach’s muscularis externa in the diagram below. |
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Definition
| Longitudinal, circular, then Oblique |
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Term
| List, in order from the pylorus to the colon, the three regions of the small intestine: |
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Definition
| Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum |
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Term
| From largest to smallest, list the three modifications of the small intestine’s inner wall that function to increase surface area: |
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Definition
| Plicae circularis, Villi, and Microvilli |
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Term
| Label two of the modifications of the intestine to increase surface area in the following diagram. |
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Definition
| Villus (left Picture) and Microvillus (right picture) |
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Term
| The microvilli of the small intestine’s epithelial cells form the brush border. |
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Definition
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Term
| The large intestine absorbs water, salt, and vitamin K. |
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Definition
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Term
| Starting from the ileocecal valve, trace the path of undigested material through the large intestine. |
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Definition
| 1. Cecum, 2. Ascending Colon, 3. Transverse Colon, 4. Descending Colon, 5. Sigmoid colon, 6. Rectum, and 7. Anus |
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Term
| The anus is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the six sphincters of the digestive tract: |
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Definition
| UES, LES, Pyloric, Illeocecal Sphincter, Internal anal spincter, External anal spincter. |
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Term
| The single digestive function of the liver is to produce bile. |
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Definition
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Term
| The main digestive enzyme–producing organ in the body is the pancreas. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three pairs of salivary glands function to moisten food in the mouth. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the primary two mechanisms that control the motility and secretion of the digestive system. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the primary two mechanisms that control the motility and secretion of the digestive system. |
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Definition
| Autonomic nervous system and hormones |
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Term
| List the three phases of digestive system processes: |
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Definition
| Cephalic, Gastric, and Intestinal |
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Term
| The vagus nerve triggers the responses during the cephalic phase of digestion. |
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Definition
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Term
| The stimulation of stretch receptors triggers the gastric phase of digestion. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the four main responses during the intestinal phase of digestion: |
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Definition
| Bicarbonate secretion, Enzyme secretion, Bile release, and Segmenting contractions |
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Term
| The small intestine typically slows gastric emptying. |
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Definition
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Term
| The vagus and pelvic splanchnic nerves carry parasympathetic impulses to the enteric nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic NS innervation of the digestive tract is via postganglionic fibers. |
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Definition
| preganglionic and postganglionic |
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Term
| The submucosal and myenteric plexuses are the two components of the enteric nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Digestive system reflexes that involve the brain are called long reflexes. |
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Definition
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Term
| A meal consisting largely of fatty foods will take a longer time to digest than a meal consisting mainly of starchy foods. |
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Definition
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Term
| All preganglionic ANS fibers release acetylcholine, while only postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division release norepinephrine. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following neurotransmitters stimulates smooth muscle contraction in the digestive tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| Enkephalins slow intestinal motility and cause the pyloric sphincter to contract. |
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Definition
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Term
| List five peptide hormones of the GI tract: |
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Definition
| Gastrin, CCK, secretin, GIP, and Motilin. |
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Term
| List four functions of duodenal CCK. |
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Definition
1.Causes gallbladder to contract and release bile
2.Causes pancreas to release digestive enzymes
3.Inhibits gastric emptying
4.Stimulates growth of pancreas and gallbladder mucosa |
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Term
| Does secretin stimulate gastric HCL secretion? |
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Definition
| False, Secretin does not stimulates gastric HCl secretion. |
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Term
| GIP stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Motilin stimulates motility of the intestine, thereby moving its contents toward the terminal ileum. |
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Definition
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Term
| Potentiation occurs when the combined action of two hormones is greater than the sum of their individual effects. |
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Definition
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Term
| The process by which food is received into the GI tract via the mouth is called ingestion. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the esophagus is digestive in function? |
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Definition
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Term
| Swallowing has both voluntary and involuntary components. |
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Definition
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Term
| The function of the epiglottis is to prevent a bolus from entering the trachea. |
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Definition
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Term
| The first wave of contraction of the esophageal muscles is called primary peristalsis. |
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Definition
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Term
| If a food bolus does not make it all the way to the stomach, secondary peristalsis forces the bolus the remainder of the way. |
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Definition
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Term
| Peristaltic contractions of the stomach occur about 3–5 times per minute when food makes it into the body and fundus. |
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Definition
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Term
| The frequency of peristaltic contractions is regulated by pacemaker cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gastric emptying would be slowed by which of the following? |
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Definition
| All of the above: Fats in the duodenum, acids in the duodenum, hypertonic solutions in the duodenum, and by distention of the duodenum |
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Term
| Nerves regulate gastric juice secretion during the cephalic phase. |
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Definition
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Term
| *Now would be a great time to fill in the interactive table on page 7 of the ¬Motility topic. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False? The cephalic phase of digestion is regulated by short reflexes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The vagus nerve carries electrical signals from the brain to the stomach. |
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Definition
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Term
| The hormone gastrin regulates gastric secretion during the gastric phase of digestion. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gastric motility increases as the stomach begins to receive food. |
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Definition
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Term
| The hormone CCK released by the duodenum causes gastric motility to decrease when fats are present in the duodenum. |
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Definition
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Term
| The hormone CCK causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the small intestine. |
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Definition
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Term
| The enterogastric reflex describes the communication between the intestine and the stomach. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system stimulation decreases digestive system activity. |
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Definition
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Term
| The motility process illustrated below is segmentation. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False? Segmentation moves chyme in only one direction. |
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Definition
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Term
| The frequency of segmentation contractions is greatest in the duodenum. |
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Definition
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Term
| Long reflexes stimulate the ileum to increase activity when food is in the stomach. |
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Definition
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Term
| The hormone gastrin causes the ileocecal sphincter to relax during the gastric phase. |
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Definition
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Term
| During the interdigestive period, mass motility complexes occur about once every 90 minutes to move undigested materials toward the terminal ileum. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False? Migrating motility complexes are controlled by the central nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the two major functions of the large intestine: |
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Definition
1. Storage/concentration of feces
2. Absorption of water, salts, vitamin K |
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Term
| Pockets formed by the contractions of the transverse and descending colon musculature are called haustra. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sustained, intense propulsive peristaltic contractions of the large intestine are called mass movements. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is under voluntary control? |
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Definition
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Term
| Only about 150 ml of the 500 ml of chyme that entered the colon is voided as feces. |
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Definition
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Term
| Place the following labels on the large intestine figure below: |
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Definition
| Starting from the bottom left side: Cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. |
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Term
| The gastroileal reflex stimulates mass movements of the colon. |
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Definition
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Term
| List three emotions or sensations that may produce constipation. |
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Definition
| Pain, fear, and depression |
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Term
| The vomiting reflex is coordinated in the brain stem. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not typically a stimulus for the vomiting reflex? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the approximately 9.0 L of fluids contained in the digestive tract daily, only 0.15 L are eliminated with the feces. |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the approximately 800 g of food ingested during a typical day, only about 50 g are eliminated as undigested food in the feces. |
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Definition
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Term
| Label the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands in the figure below: |
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Definition
| Starting from the bottom left side: sublingual, parotid, and submandibular |
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Term
| List the four major functions of saliva. |
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Definition
| Protraction, taste, lubrication, and digestion |
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Term
| Parasympathetic innervation to the salivary glands is transmitted by cranial nerves number VII and IX. |
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Definition
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Term
| Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS stimulate the salivary glands. |
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Definition
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Term
| Parasympathetic division innervation stimulates watery, enzyme-rich saliva secretion, whereas sympathetic division innervation stimulates a mucus-rich, more viscous saliva secretion. |
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Definition
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Term
| Label the figure below with the terms parasympathetic and sympathetic. |
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Definition
| Top is parasympathetic and bottom is sympathetic |
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Term
| True or False? The esophagus secretes digestive enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| The four main components of gastric juice are: |
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Definition
| Mucus, pepsinogen, HCL, and intrinsic factor |
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Term
| Gastrin is released from the pyloric region of the stomach. |
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Definition
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Term
| Place the following labels on the figure below: |
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Definition
Left top: mucus neck cells, bottom left: chief cell: pepsinogen, top right: parietal cell: HCl
+ IF, Bottom right: paracrine cell: histamine |
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Term
| Gastrin-producing G cells are found in the gastric glands located in the pyloric region of the stomach. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the only two substances that are absorbed across the stomach’s mucosal epithelium: |
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Definition
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Term
| HCl in the stomach produces a pH of between 1.5–2.0 in the luminal fluid. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is a function of HCl in the stomach? |
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Definition
| All of the above are functions of HCl which includes: activates pepsinogen, breaks down cell walls, kills most bacteria, and denatures proteins in food. |
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Term
| Without intrinsic factor, vitamin B12, necessary for normal RBC development, cannot be absorbed by the intestine. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the two secretions that stimulate HCl release from parietal cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| During the cephalic phase, long neural reflexes stimulate an increased production of gastric juice. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lipids in the intestine cause the release of the hormone CCK, while acid in the intestine causes the release of secretin. |
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Definition
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Term
| Match the following pairs of terms: |
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Definition
| CCK: enzyme-rich pancreatic juice; secretin: bicarbonate pancreatic juice |
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Term
| List the three major proteases (inactive forms) secreted by the exocrine pancreas: |
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Definition
| trysinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase |
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Term
| Intestinal enterokinase converts (activates) trypsinogen into trypsin. |
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Definition
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Term
| The pancreatic hormone insulin regulates the absorptive state, while glucagon regulates the postabsorptive state. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the four organic components of bile. |
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Definition
| bile salts, lecithin, cholesterol, and bilirubin |
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Term
| Intestinal digestive enzymes that are embedded in the epithelial microvilli membranes are called brush border enzymes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The intestinal hormone CCK causes contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile into the duodenum. |
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Definition
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Term
| Alkaline mucus protects the wall of the large intestine from mechanical damage and from damage by bacterial acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the three major nutrient classes (a.k.a. macronutrients). |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats) |
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Term
| Which of the following carbohydrates is not a disaccharide? |
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Definition
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Term
| Match the following pairs of molecules with their monomers by placing the number next to the matching letter: |
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Definition
sucrose = the monomers: glucose + fructose
maltose = the monomers: glucose + glucose
starch = many glucose monomers
lactose = the monomers: glucose + galactose |
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Term
| The breakdown products (monomers) of proteins are amino acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| The breakdown products of triglycerides include monoglycerides and fatty acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| Place the following labels on the diagram below: |
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Definition
Left side: Starch
Top is limit dextrin
Top Right is Broken Starch
Bottom left to right: Amylase, maltose, and maltotriose |
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Term
| True or False? Once food is acidified in the stomach, amylase continues to digest starch. |
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Definition
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Term
| The digestive enzyme pepsin begins the breakdown of proteins in the stomach. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pepsin is inactivated in the duodenum. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pancreatic lipase is responsible for the majority of fat digestion. |
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Definition
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Term
| True of False? Most water and salt are absorbed in the colon. |
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Definition
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Term
| The active transport of sodium is necessary for water absorption in the small ¬intestine. |
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Definition
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Term
| The final digestion of carbohydrates is accomplished with brush border enzymes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not a brush border enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| Place the following labels on the figure below: |
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Definition
| Top is luminal side, middle is basolateral side, the bottom is facilitiated diffusion transporter |
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Term
| List the three major pancreatic proteases. |
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Definition
| Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase |
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Term
| True or False? Only single amino acids are absorbed in the small intestine. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the two main brush border proteases. |
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Definition
| Aminopeptidase and Dipeptidase |
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Term
| List the two mechanisms that help to increase the surface area of lipids for subsequent digestion with pancreatic lipase. |
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Definition
| Segmentation and Emulsification |
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Term
| Bile salts surround monoglycerides and free fatty acids to form tiny droplets called micelles |
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Definition
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Term
| Triglycerides combine with lipoproteins inside the intestinal epithelial cells to form chylomicrons. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chylomicrons exit the intestinal epithelial cells and then enter the lacteal lymphatic capillaries. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False? The colon epithelium produces substantial amounts of digestive enzymes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Colic bacteria produce substantial quantities of vitamin K as a by-product of their metabolism. |
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Definition
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Term
| List the three main substances that are absorbed in the large intestine. |
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Definition
| Vitamin K, water, and salts |
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