Term
| liver's influences on nutritional status |
|
Definition
-management of bile production
-role in intermediary metabolism
- carbs, protein, lipids and vitamins |
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|
Term
| a common disorder in patients who abuse alcohol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fatty liver can also be caused by |
|
Definition
| excessive kcal intake, obesity, complications of drug therapy, pregnancy, diabetes, inadequate protein intake, infection and malignancy |
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|
Term
| fatty infiltration of the liver develops when |
|
Definition
| triglycerides build up in the liver tissue and may produce an enlarged liver |
|
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Term
| function of improper fat metabolism can be reversed if |
|
Definition
| causative agent is removed (ex. alcohol) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the liver |
|
|
Term
| acute hepatitis can occur as a result of |
|
Definition
| infectious mononucleosis, cirrhosis, toxic chemicals, viral infection |
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|
Term
| hepatitis A virus is typically transmitted through the |
|
Definition
-fecal-oral route
-ocassionally spread by transfusion of infected blood |
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|
Term
onset of HAV is __
treatment is __ |
|
Definition
-rapid - 4-6 weeks
-bed rest, no antibiotics work, IV if dehydrated, good diet minus alcohol |
|
|
Term
hepatitis b is transmitted via __
and is more easily transmitted than __ and __ |
|
Definition
blood and body fluids
HIV and HCV |
|
|
Term
| people at high risk for getting HBV |
|
Definition
| IV drug users, hemophilia pts, dialysis pts, organ transplant pts |
|
|
Term
| major cause of hepatitis in the US is __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serum, semen, vaginal mucus, saliva, blood |
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|
Term
| HCV can develop into ___ and progression may take ___ years |
|
Definition
some form of chronic liver disease (cirrhosis)
10-40 years |
|
|
Term
| onset of HCV is usually __ and most cases are without ___ but chronic infection develops in __% of people infected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delay progression of cirrhosis and liver cancer and improve symptoms such as fatigue, and joint pain (no special diet is recommended) |
|
|
Term
| treatment of chronic HCV is treated with |
|
Definition
| a combination of therapy of interferon alfa and ribavirin |
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|
Term
| HEP D virus can only occur if an individual with __ is exposed to __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
incubation period for HDV is __
and __% are likely to have no symptoms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ is the most common means of infections with HDV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
hep E is transmitted through ___
incubation period ranges from ___ to __ days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-muscle pain, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, weight loss, dehydration, jaundice, dark urine, and light-colored stool
therapy: preventitive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chronic degenerative liver disease
-liver cells replaced by the buildup of fibrous connective tissue and fat infiltration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alcohol, hepatitis, biliary cirrhosis disorder, autoimmune disease, chronic hepatotoxic drug use, metabolic disorders |
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|
Term
| esophageal varices usually result of |
|
Definition
collateral circulation that develops around esophagus
-blood vessels tend to enlarge and bulge into the lumen of he esophagus and they may rupture |
|
|
Term
| diet recommended for esophageal varices |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
-blood fluid trapped in the third space (causes swollen abdomen |
|
|
Term
| patients with ascites should restrict their intake of __ and sometimes along with a __ restriction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood shunted from portal circulation to systemic circulation, blood bypasses liver |
|
|
Term
| results of hepatic encephalopathy |
|
Definition
-intestinal contents not metabolized
-toxins not eliminated
-changes in consciousness, behavior, loss of memory, apathy |
|
|
Term
| neurologic changes as a result of hepatic encephalopathy |
|
Definition
| spasticity, muscle spasms, athetoid postures, rigidity of the limbs |
|
|
Term
| hepatic encephalopathy can lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antibiotic that reduces number of bacteria in the GI tract
-allows more protein to be included in the diet for tissue regeneration |
|
|
Term
| disadvantages of neomycin |
|
Definition
contributes to malabsorption of most nutrients
-can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and nephrotoxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nonabsorbable disaccharide
-metabolized by intestinal bacteria, resulting in a lower pH stool
-has a laxative action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if edema or ascites are present may need to restrict |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vitamin deficiencies common in patients with __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common posttransplantation complications |
|
Definition
| excessive weight gain, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes |
|
|
Term
| most common disorders of the gallbladder |
|
Definition
| cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of stones in gallbladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gallstones in common bile duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of gallbladder |
|
|
Term
| major constituent of gallstones is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chronic intake of ___ increases risk of developing cholelithiasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gallstones are commonly found in |
|
Definition
| women, obese people, those with sedentary lifestyles, those who have experienced rapid weight loss, aged, diabetics, familial tendencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gallbladder does not contract often enough to empty out the bile
-diet too low in fat
-cholesterol increase and bile salts decrease |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of cholelithiasis |
|
Definition
manifest after eating high-fat meals
-mild, aching pain in midepigastrium that increase in intensity
-inflammation with pain, tenderness and fever
-nausea, vomiting, tachhycardia, and diaphoresis |
|
|
Term
| cholecystitis occurs when |
|
Definition
gallstones block cystic duct
-result of stasis
-bacterial infection
-ischemia of the gallbladder |
|
|
Term
| jaundice and steatorrhea may also be present in __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| recommended therapy for symptomatic cholelithiasis and cholecystitis |
|
Definition
surgical removal of the gallbladder
cholesystectomy |
|
|
Term
| chronic cholecystitis is usually treated with a ___ diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammatory process characterized by decreased production of digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
-malabsorption of fats and proteins |
|
|
Term
| acute pancreatitis causes blood vessels that supply the pancreas to becom exceptionally |
|
Definition
| permeable - leak fluid and plasma proteins into spaces between pancreatic cells causing localized edema and damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymes retained and activated with pancreas which results in autodigestion and severe pain |
|
|
Term
| elevated levels of __ are an indication of pancreatitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by excessive alcohol consumption and gallbladder disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
usually associated with chronic alcohol consumption
-exocrine and endocrine insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| diabetes mellitis can occur if __ cells are damaged which results in ___ |
|
Definition
beta
low insulin production |
|
|
Term
| patients with pancreatitis receiving enteral feeding should be closely monitored for |
|
Definition
increases in pancreatic enzymes
abdominal pain
discomfort |
|
|
Term
| enderal feeding into the ___ for pancreatitis allows for |
|
Definition
lower small bowel (jejunum)
areas associated with pancreatic stimulation to be bypassed |
|
|
Term
| ___ nutrition can be used for nonstressed patients who are expected to receive nothing by mouth for less than 10 days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __nutrition may be necessary if patient will receive nothing by mouth for longer than 5 to 7 days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| restricting fat to __ g/day typically prevents symptoms of steatorrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ may be used to increase kcal if needed for pancreatitis patients |
|
Definition
| medium-chain triglyceride product (MCT oil) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autosomal revessive inherited disease of mucus-producing exocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| cystic fibrosis is characterized by |
|
Definition
high levels of NA + CL in saliva and tears
high levels of electrolytes in sweat
highly viscous secretions in the pancreas, bronchi, bile ducts, and small intestines |
|
|
Term
| physical signs of cystic fibrosis |
|
Definition
| growth retardation, failure to gain weight, abdominal protuberance, lack of subcutaneous fat and poor muscle tone |
|
|
Term
| ___ puts people at great risk for cystic fibrosis |
|
Definition
| frequent pulmonary infections, pancreatic insufficiency and GI malabsorption |
|
|
Term
| death from cystic fibrosis most often results from ___ |
|
Definition
| malnutrition, bronchopneumonia, lung collapse, and cor pulmonale |
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