Term
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Definition
- generally early age of onset
- polydipsia (thirst), polyphagia (hunger), polyuria (urination)
- weight loss
- pancreas can no longer secrete insulin
- requires exogenous insulin |
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Term
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Definition
- pancreas still has ability to secrete insulin
- controlled by diet, oral hypoglycemic agents, and supplemental insulin |
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Term
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Definition
- abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy
- 4% of all pregnancies
- must be reclassified if it persists 6 weeks post-delivery |
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Term
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Definition
FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE (FPG):
-normal fasting glucose= <110 mg/dL
-impaired fasting glucose (IFG)= 110-126 mg/dL
-impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)= 2 hour FPG at 140-199 mg/dL
-provisional diagnosis of diabetes= >126mg/dL |
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Term
| Microvascular Complications |
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Definition
EYES: blindness, retinopathy (damage to retina)
KIDNEYS: neuropathy (nerve damage) and renal failure
PERIPHERAL TISSUES: peripheral neuropathy (numbness, tingling, pain) |
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Term
| Macrovascular Complications |
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Definition
- atherosclerosis (buildup of plaque and hardening of vein) of the middle to large arteries, such as heart and brain
- stroke, myocardial infarction, PVD |
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Term
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Definition
Action- key regulator of metabolism, required for entry of glucose into skeletal muscle and fat, needed for protein and lipid metabolsim
Uses- control of blood sugar in patients with DM |
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Term
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Definition
Rapid- onset 10min, peak 1-3H, duration 3-5H
Short- onset 30min, peak 2.5-5H, duration 5-10H
Intermediate- onset 4H, peak 4-12H, duration 16-24H
Long- onset 1H, no peak, duration 24H |
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Term
Biguanide Oral Antidiabetic Agent
metformin (Glucophage) |
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Definition
Action- decrease hepatic glucose production by inhibiting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, reduce adsorption of glucose from intestine, increase insulin sensisivity
Uses- treat type 2 DM
Common- nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal cramps, flatulence
Serious- malaise, myalgia (muscle pain), respiratory distress, hypotension |
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Term
| Sulfonylurea Oral Hypoglycemic Agents |
|
Definition
Action- stimulate release of insulin from beta cells of pancreas
Uses- type 2 DM
Common- nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal cramps
Serious- hypoglycemia, hepatotoxicity, blood dyscrasias, dermatologic reactions |
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Term
Meglitinide Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
repaglinide
nateglinide |
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Definition
Action- stimulate release of insulin from beta cells of pancreas
Uses- type 2 DM
Common & Serious- hypoglycemia |
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Term
| Thiazolidinedione Oral Hypoglycemic Agents |
|
Definition
Actions- increase sensitivity of muscle and fat tissue to insulin; inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis, decrease hepatic glucose output
Uses- type 2DM
Common- nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal cramps
Serious- hypoglycemia, hepatotoxicity, weight gain |
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Term
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor Agents
acarbose
miglitol |
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Definition
Action- inhibit pancreatic alpha amylase and GI glucoside hydrolase enzymes used in the digestion of sugars
Uses- type 2 DM
Common- abdominal cramps, diarrhea, flatulence
Serious- hypoglycemia, hepatotoxicity |
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Term
Amylinomimetic Agent
pramlintide |
|
Definition
Action- suppress glucagon secretion from the liver, suppresses glucose output from the liver, delays gastric emptying, suppress appetite
Uses- treats hyperglycemia in type 1 & 2 DM
Common- nausea, vomiting, indigestion
Serious- hypoglycemia |
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Term
Incretin-Mimetic Agent
exenatide |
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Definition
Action- increases serum insulin and reduces glucose concentrations
Uses- in combination w/other hypoglycemic agents and metformin to reduce elevated fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia
Common- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Serious- hypoglycemia |
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Term
DPP-4 Inhibitor
sitagliptin |
|
Definition
Action- prolongs life of active GLP-1 and GIP incretin hormones
Uses- used alone or in combo w/other therapies to reduce elevated fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 DM
Common- nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, headache
Serious- hypoglycemia, upper respiratory infection |
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Term
Antihypoglycemic Agents
glucagon |
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Definition
Action- break down stored glycogen to glucose
Uses- treat hypoglycemic reactions
Common & Serious- nausea, vomiting |
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