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Development is lifelong
Multidmensionsal
Joint expression of growth and decline
Development is highly plastic
Embedded in multiple contexts
Involves growth, maintenance, and growth |
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| ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to developement |
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| A Process of age related changes across the lifespan |
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| Influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group |
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| History graded influences |
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| Similar for individuals in a certain generations at a formative time in their lives |
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| unusual occurrences- major impact but not applicable to many people |
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| an orderly intergrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior; provide organizing frameworks for our observations |
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| Organismic vs. Mechanistic view of developing person |
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Organismic- change stimulated form within active
Mechanistic- change stimulated by environment, passive |
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| Continuous vs. Discontinuous |
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Continuous - gradually adding on more
Discontinuous - new understandings emerge after particular period stages= qualitative change |
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Nature- genetic inborn qualities
Nurture- learning and experience |
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| biological needs- require immediate gratifications/ unconscious pleasure principle |
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conscious, rational, problem-solving part
Masters and controls urges- reality principle |
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moral and ethical component
consist of conscious and ego-ideal |
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| Limitations of Psychoanalytic theory |
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| focused too much on clinical studies and didn't open itself to other methods |
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| environmental controls behavior, emphasize role of experience |
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| Classical conditioning (stimulus conditioned) |
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| human mind as symbol processing, uses flow chart and believes in continuous development |
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| Ethology and Evolutionary developmental psychology |
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| an approach concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history |
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| a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences. However, its boundaries are less well defined than those of a critical period |
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focus on how culture is transmitted
higher mental functions grow out of social interactions
cognitive development as a socially mediated process |
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| Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System theory |
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Definition
Microsystem- person's immediate environment
Mesosystem- connections between Micorsystem
Exosystem- outside contexts that affect Microsystem
Macrosystem- cultural law, values, customs
Chronosystem- temperol component change over life course and history |
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participant observation of a culture or distinct social group; by making extensive field notes,
May be biased |
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the investigator obtains information on participants without altering their experience
permits study of relationships between variables
does not permit inferences about cause and effect relationships |
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| Cause and effect, but may not translate to real world |
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| regular pairs 22 of the 23 pairs |
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| Sperm and ova which are formed via meiosis |
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recessive gene carried on X chromosome
women are protected men are not |
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| genes have been marked or modified and will behave differently depending on whether they came from mother or father |
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| measures the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors |
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| Passive genotype/environment correlations |
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| parents are providing an environment influenced by own heredity |
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| Evocative genotype/environment correlations |
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| child's genotype elicits certain types of environments |
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| individuals seek out environment most compatible with their genetic predispositions |
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amount of talk to child during early years was a big predictor of alter verbal intelligence
factor most strongly associated with amount of talk was socio economical status |
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| fertilized egg ( 2 weeks from fertilization to implantation) |
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| Hollow, fluid filled ball of cells (starts about 4rth day 70 cells) |
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| cells on inside- become new organism |
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| outer layer of cells- develop into life support systems |
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| protective covering- encases organism in amniotic fluid, a cushion and temperature regulator |
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| partial filter- permits food and oxygen to reach organism and waste products to be carried away |
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2-8 weeks
groundowrk for all body structures and organs begin |
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| Embryonic disk folds to form 3 cell layers |
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Ectoderm- outermost nervous system, skin, sense organs
Mesoderm- middle muscles, skeleton, ciruclatory system, excretory system
Endoderm- inner digestive system, lungs, gland |
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| primitive spinal cord and brain |
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9th week to birth
1st trimester- organs muscle nervous system organize and connect
2nd trimester- mom can feel movement
3rd trimester- body prepares for outside world |
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| White cheese like substance; protects skin from becoming chapped |
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| white, downy hair, helps vernix stick to skin |
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| 22 to 25 weeks age at which fetus can first survive if born early- 50/50 chance after about 24 weeks |
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| malnutrition can damage CNS, leads to fewer brain cells and a lower brain weight |
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| stress leads to miscarriage low birth weight, because less oxygen and nutrients go towards baby |
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goal is to make the hospital birth as comfortable and rewarding as possible
-Less stressful and quicker labor
-classes, relaxation, coach |
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defined as any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period
frequency- 5-8%
Impact based on: Dose;Time of exposure; genetic predispositions; presence of other factors |
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| Newborns physical appearance |
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| Average dimensions 20 in 7.5 lbs |
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| 1. Heart Rate 2. respiratory 3. Muscle Tone 4. Color 5. Reflex irritability |
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| from the center of the body outward |
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| Nonorganic Failure to thrive |
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| growth disorder that reuslts from lack of parental love 18 months signs of marasmu |
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| neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapse neurons go to an uncommitted state |
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| coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath that improves teh efficiency of message transfer |
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| Experience-expectant brain growth |
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| refers to the young brain's rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences- opportunities to see and touch objects, to hear language and other sounds, and to move about and explore the environment |
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| Experience-dependent brain growth |
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Definition
| occurs throughout our lives. It consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and culture |
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| 6 benefits of breast milk over formula |
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Definition
1. Offers correct balance of fat and protein
2. Nutritional completeness
3. Offers protection against disease
4. More easily digestible
5. Smoother transition to solid foods
6. Often cheaper, more immediate, safer |
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| infants think and learn about the world through their 5 sense and their motor skills |
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| psychological structures that organize experience |
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| process of building schemes through direct interaction with the environment |
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| External world interpreted through existing schemes |
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| new schemes are created or old ones are adjusted to better fit the environment |
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| internal process of rearranging and linking schemes |
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| Core knowledge perspective |
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| Babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems or core domains of thought. Each of these prewired understandings permits a ready grasp of new, related information and therefore supports early, rapid development |
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| Zone of proximal development |
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| range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners |
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