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Definition
| Approach to the study of cognitive development that is concerned with basic mechanics of learning |
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| Approach to the study of cognitive development that seeks to measure the quantity of intelligence a person possesses |
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Definition
| Approach to the study of cognitive development that describes qualitative stages in cognitive functioning |
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| Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a particular response with another stimulus that does elicit the response |
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| Learning based on reinforcement or punishment |
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| Behavior that is goal oriented and adaptive to circumstance and conditions of life |
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| IQ (intelligence quotient) tests |
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Definition
| Psychometric tests that seek to measure intelligence by comparing a test taker’s performance with standardized norms |
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| Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development |
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Definition
| Standardized test of infants’ development |
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| Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) |
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Definition
| Instrument to measure the influence of the home environment on children’s cognitive growth |
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| Systematic process of providing services to help families meet young children’s development needs |
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| In Piaget’s theory, first stage in cognitive development, during which infants learn through senses and motor activity |
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| Piaget’s term for organized patterns of behavior used in particular situations. |
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| Piaget’s term for processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance. |
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| Piaget’s term for capacity to store mental images or symbols of objects and events. |
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| Imitation with parts of one’s body that one cannot see |
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Definition
| Imitation with parts of one’s body that one can see |
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Definition
| Piaget’s term for reproduction of and observed behavior after the passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of it |
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Term
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Definition
| Research method in which infants or toddlers are induced to imitate a specific series of actions they have seen but not necessarily done before |
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Definition
| Piaget’s term for the understanding that a person or object still exists when out of sight. |
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| Dual representation hypothesis |
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Definition
| Proposal that children under the age of 3 have difficulty grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at the same time |
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| Information processing approach |
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Definition
| Approach to the study of cognitive development by analyzing processes involved in perceiving and handling information |
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| Cognitive neuroscience approach |
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Definition
| Approach to the study of cognitive development that links brain processes with cognitive ones |
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| Social-contextual approach |
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Definition
| Approach to the study of cognitive development by focusing on environmental influences, particularly parents and other caregivers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response. |
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Definition
| Increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus |
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Definition
| Tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another |
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| Visual recognition memory |
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Definition
| Ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar one when shown both at the same time |
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Definition
| Ability to use information gained by one sense to guide another |
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Term
| Violation-of-expectations |
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Definition
| Research method in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts with experience is taken as evidence that an infant recognized the new stimulus as surprising |
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Definition
| Unconscious recall, generally of habits and skills; sometimes call procedural memory |
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Definition
| Short-term storage of information being actively processed |
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Definition
| Participation of an adult in a child’s activity in a manner that helps to structure the activity and to bring the child’s understanding of it closer to that of the adult. |
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Definition
| Communication system based on words and grammar |
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Definition
| Forerunner of linguistic speech; utterance of sounds that are not words. Includes crying, cooing, babbling, and accidental and deliberate imitation of sounds without understanding their meaning. |
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| Verbal expression designed to convey meaning |
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| Single word that conveys a complete thought |
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Definition
| Early form of sentence use consisting of only a few essential words |
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Definition
| Rules for forming sentences in a particular language |
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| Theory that human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition |
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| Language acquisition device (LAD) |
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Definition
| In Chomsky’s terminology, an inborn mechanism that enables children to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear. |
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Definition
| Use of elements of two languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by young children in households where both languages are spoken |
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Definition
| Changing one’s speech to match the situation, as in people who are bilingual |
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| Child-directed speech (CDS) |
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Definition
| Form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much repetition; also called parentese. |
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Definition
| Ability to read and write |
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Definition
| Death has biological, social, cultural, historical, religious, legal, psychological, developmental, and ethical aspects. |
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Definition
| Warm, personal patient- and family-centered care for a person with a terminal illness |
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Definition
| Care aimed at relieving pain and suffering and allowing the terminally ill to die in peace, comfort, and dignity. |
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Definition
| A frequently observed decline in cognitive abilities near the end of life. Also called terminal decline. |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss, due to death, of someone to whom one feels close and the process of adjustment to the loss |
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Definition
| Emotional response experienced in the early phases of bereavement |
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Definition
| Working out of psychological issues connected with grief |
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Definition
| Treatment to help the bereaved cope with loss |
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| Deliberate action taken to shorten the life of a terminally ill person in order to end suffering to allow death with dignity; also called mercy killing. |
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Definition
| Deliberate withholding or discontinuation of life-prolonging treatment of a terminally ill person in order to end suffering or allow death with dignity. |
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Definition
| Suicide in which a physician or someone else helps a person take his or her own life. |
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| Advance directive (living will) |
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Definition
| Document specifying the type of care wanted by the maker in the event of an incapacitating or terminal illness |
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| Durable power of attorney |
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Definition
| Legal instrument that appoints an individual to make decisions in the event of another person’s incapacitation |
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Definition
| Reminiscence about one’s life in order to see its significance |
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