Term
| Multiple Levels of Emotional Experience |
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Definition
Physiological
Behavior
Subjective Feelings
Cognitive |
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Term
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Definition
| We all move our faces in the same way to create the same facial expressions |
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Term
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Definition
promote action towards a goal
ex: fear-->move away
happiness-->approach |
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Term
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Definition
Fear
Anger
Surprise
Happy
Calm
Disgust
Sad |
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Term
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Definition
Involve 1) some degree of self-recognition and 2) understanding of familial, societal, social norms.
ex: embarrassment, guilt, pride, shame, envy |
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Term
| How to determine emotions in infants? |
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Definition
| facial expressions and body language |
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Term
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Definition
| Emotional expressions are reliable in infants and consistent across development |
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Term
| Facial Expressions at 5-6 months |
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Definition
| infants' facial expressions change predictably in response to emotional events |
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Term
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Definition
| Mom stops giving emotions via facial expressions and the baby gets really upset |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Appears at 3-4 months to reflect physical stimulation, but at 12 months reflects unexpected events |
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Term
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Definition
| around 4-6 months. happens because of failed attempts at a goal, or restraint. |
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Term
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Definition
| distress when approached by an unfamiliar adult. not universal...more in chinese. peaks then declines |
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Term
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Definition
| emerge at 2. depends on parenting and culture |
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Term
| Recognizing Others' Emotions |
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Definition
6 months - faces
12 months - social referencing
preschool - predict behavior
elementary - abilities reflect cognitive development |
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Term
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Definition
| Strategies we use to adjust our emotional state to a comfy level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals |
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Term
| Emotional Regulation Stages: 1st year |
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Definition
1 yr- manage negative arousal by looking away and sucking vigorously. boys have more trouble regulating. caregiver does most soothing
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Term
| Emotional Regulation Stages: 2nd year |
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Definition
| manage negative arousal by rocking, chewing, moving away, distracting themselves. facial expressions as well. |
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Term
| Emotional Regulation Stages: Preschool |
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Definition
| Parental Scaffolding (eg: distract child while getting a shot). Language development facilitates regulation, like self-talk, or reinterpretation |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of children to wait for a while to get more of a reward. Age dependent and is steady over time. |
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Term
| Ecological Momentary Assessment |
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Definition
| negative affect is experiences more frequently and intensely. positive affect is experienced less frequently. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Activity in amygdala and other places is very elevated in teens. this leads to more depression and anger, etc. |
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Term
| Why do some teens become depressed? |
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Definition
genetic factors
negative cognitions
social difficulties
family factors |
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Term
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Definition
| individual differences in behavioral characteristics that are consistent across situations and time |
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Term
| Historical Perspective of Temperament |
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Definition
| 9 categories and 3 basic styles: easy, difficult, slow to warm. |
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Term
| Current Definition of Temperament |
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Definition
Rothbart and Bates:
Reactivity: how easily someone can respond to events
Self-regulation: how reactivity is modulated |
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Term
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Definition
| How well a temperament fits into the environmental demands. temperaments are modifiable based on the environment |
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Term
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Definition
some aspects are more stable, like activity level, irritability, sociability
Meaning of behavior changes over time |
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Term
| When is the age to predict a child's long term temperament? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is temperament measured? |
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Definition
Parental Report
-Child Behavior Questionnaire, EASTemperament Survery
Laboratory Observations
-Goldsmith's LABTAB
-Kagan's Risk Room
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Term
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Definition
| certain temperaments increase likelihood of developing a psychodisorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| artificial distinction, disorders are extremes in temperament |
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Term
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Definition
| effect of disease on personality |
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Term
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Definition
| an emotional bond with a specific person that endures across space and time |
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Term
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Definition
| parents attached to infants and vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional and social difficulties. challenges the view that physical care was adequate. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-way emotional tie b/w caregiver and child. promotes the child's survival. |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment bond promotes survival. attachment figure is mimicked and acts as a secure base. |
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Term
| Bowlby's Four Phases of Attachment |
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Definition
1- preattachment - birth to 6 wks
2- attachment in the making - 6wks - 6 months
3- clear cut attachments - 6 months to 18 months
4- reciprocal relationships - 18 months and beyond! |
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Term
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Definition
| examines quality of attachment relationship. extent that infant uses mom as a secure base and how it responds to her leaving. |
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Term
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Definition
Secure-mild distress when left, actively seeks mom upon return
Insecure-Avoidant - gets mad and avoids mom
Insecure-Resistant- very cling but then very angry when mom leaves and hits her upon return
Disorganized- odd behaviors of both seeking and avoiding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parental factors predict insensitive parenting more than child factors |
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Term
| What does secure attachment patterns predict? |
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Definition
higher academic achievements
better social skills
better peer and romantic relationships |
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Term
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Definition
one of the most devastating stressors to a child is disruption of early attachment. like orphanages.
Long term implications include cognitive difficulties and depression |
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Term
| How to Measure Adult Attachment |
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Definition
Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)
-reflect on memories
-maintain discourse with interviewer
Adult Attachment Scale (AAS)
-developed by Hazan and Shaver
-questionnaire
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Term
| Adult Attachment Types (3) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which kids acquire a gender identity and the motives, values, and behaviors considered appropriate in their culture. |
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Term
| role norms vs stereotyping vs typing |
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Definition
role norms is a VALUE
stereotyping is a BELIEF
typing is an ACQUISITION |
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Term
| Females - Expressive Role |
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Definition
gender role which includes being:
kind
nurturant
cooperative
sensitive |
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Term
| Males - Instrumental Role |
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Definition
male gender role which includes being:
dominant
assertive
independent
competitive
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Term
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Definition
girls are more social
girls have lower self esteem
boys are smarter
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Term
| Gender Behavior Similarities |
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Definition
| There are far more similarities than differences between genders and their behavior |
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Term
| What contributes to gender differences? |
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Definition
Hormones- androgens - associated with aggression. Pubertal timing.
Brain - different brain volumes, different brain GM and WM
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Term
| Socialization of Gender Mechanism |
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Definition
1) expectations
2) attribution of success
3) internalization
4) beliefs affect choices |
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Term
| Development of Gender Awareness |
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Definition
Identify others' gender - 2 yrs
Identify own gender - 3 yrs
Understand gender is constant - age 5 |
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Term
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Definition
| by age 3, kids like to play with same sex and reject opposite sex |
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Term
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Definition
| by age 3, kids like to play with same sex and reject opposite sex |
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Term
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Definition
| a magnification in adolescence of the sex differences and conformity or pressure to conform to gender rules. GIRLS CANT PLAY BASKETBALL! |
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Term
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Definition
| encompass traits of both genders. males and females are not mutually exclusive. |
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Term
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Definition
| roughly same age and operate at similar levels of behavioral complexity |
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Term
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Definition
| reciprocal relationships by both individuals. affection and voluntary participation |
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Term
| Development of Friendships |
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Definition
4-7: handy playmate. do the same things
8-10: mutual trust. helps when sad.
11-15: intimacy, loyalty. disclose info and feelings |
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Term
| Psychological Functions of Friendships |
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Definition
Source of emotional support and security
Contribute to social-cognitive skills
Preparation for adult relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which a child is liked or disliked by peer group. Reflects social preference and social impact. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1/3 of all kids. slightly impacting, not aggressive or overly popular |
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Term
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Definition
| cooperative, friendly, skilled at peer entry, leaders, less aggressive than avg kids |
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Term
| Rejected-Aggressive Status |
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Definition
50% of aggressive children.
physical aggression and disruptive
threaten others and alienate them |
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Term
| Rejected-withdrawn Status |
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Definition
25% of rejected children.
more likely to be victimized. LONELIEST |
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Term
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Definition
withdrawn socially, but still competent.
neglected because they are unnoticed
Few behaviors overall |
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Term
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Definition
Only 5% of kids
not well studied
Highly aggressive. |
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Term
| Stability of Sociometric Status |
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Definition
very stable across time are rejected ones
moderately stable are popular and avg
unstable are controversial |
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Term
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Definition
| Aggressive boys are more likely to externalize their symptoms of being rejected |
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Term
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Definition
| Aggressive rejected kids increase the internal symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Having just ONE reciprocal friendship can buffer negative peer rejection |
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Term
| 3 Basic Goals for Families |
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Definition
1- protect survival of kids
2- economic self-maintenance
3- self actualization |
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Term
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Definition
| family is a network of Dyadic relationships that are bidirectional and always developing. |
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Term
| direct vs indirect effects |
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Definition
direct = mothers effect on her relationship with child
indirect = mom influences father/child relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| Infant behavior, parental relationship, and parenting style all affect one another. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
regulate conduct thru discipline.
behavioral control.
NOT psychological control |
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Term
| 3 Disciplinary Techniques |
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Definition
Induction
Love Withdrawal
Power Assertion |
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Term
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Definition
Flexible style in which parents are warm and responsive but still in control.
Most effective style |
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Term
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Definition
| Strict, restrictive parenting with lots of rules. not responsive to children. power assertive. |
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Term
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Definition
accepting but with little control over kid
indulgent
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Term
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Definition
parents who are aloof or hostile.
focused on their own needs
rejecting/neglecting relationship
leads to antisocial behavior |
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Term
| Socioeconomic Influence on Parenting |
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Definition
| Lower socioeconomic status = more authoritarian. because of education level and environmental needs. |
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Term
| Culture and Parenting Style |
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Definition
| Authoritarian is more normal in blacks and chinese. children interpret parenting differently. |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on age and gender of child. children will engage in more peer activities. can lead to distress and withdraw. effects are worse on boys |
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Term
| Long term effects of divorce |
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Definition
2 years later:
-women are fine
-men are depressed
-75% of kids are healthy |
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Term
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Definition
| time when adolescents can find ones self and not seek an adult role |
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