Term
| Genomic Equivalence with Differential Gene Expression |
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Definition
All cells in an organism have complete and equivalent sets of genetic
information
– Cells utilize different subsets of the genome |
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Term
| Selective Gene Amplification |
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Definition
| Segments of nuclear DNA are replicated |
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Term
| Differential Loss of Genetic Materia |
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Definition
Each cell only inherits specific genes required to differentiate in a
particular cell |
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Term
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Definition
A cell or tissue is
“specified” if it is still capable of differentiating
autonomously (by itself) when placed into a
neutral environment
• Cell commitment is still capable of being reversed |
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Term
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Definition
A cell or tissue is
“determined” if it is still capable of differentiating
autonomously even when place into another
region of the embryo
• At this stage commitment is irreversible |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Conditional Specification |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Transcriptional factor and cell-cell adhesion molecule
degraded by GSK-3
Activates Gene Regulation Network(GRN)
activates Pmar which leads to skeleton forming genes in micromeres
-inactivations leads to muscle cells pigment cells and coelomic cells |
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Term
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Definition
vegetal cortex, stops GSK-3 from degrading b-caternin
activates Gene Regulation newtwork(GRN) |
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Term
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Definition
| degrades B-caternin, can be inhibited by DSH |
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Term
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Definition
| Invented the first compound microscope |
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Term
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Definition
| First to visualize early development. |
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Term
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Definition
- All living organisms consist of cells
- Cells are the basic units of life
-Cells are formed from division of other cells. |
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Term
| Four diff types of intermediate filaments |
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Definition
Cytoplasmic: keratins, vimentin and vimentin- related, neurofilaments
Nuclear: nuclear lamins |
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Term
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Definition
| Indirectly links cells to neighboring cells |
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Term
| Formation of 16 interconnected Cystocytes in Drosophilia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
—Specifies certain cells to be germ cells
• mRNA from Germ Cell-Less (gcl) gene—screened for
Drosophilia females that did not have offspring
• WT gcl gene is transcribed in nurse cells and transported into
the egg—in the posterior of the egg and embryo
• Flies with mutations of gcl gene lack germ cells |
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Term
| Polar Granule Component (Pgc) gene |
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Definition
• Another protein found in pole plasm—Pgc protein localized in polar
granules and inhibits somatic gene expression
• Pgc inhibits transcription by preventing phosphorylation of RNA
Polymerase II
• Mutated Pgc cells begin expressing somatic cell genes |
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Term
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Definition
by localizing the proteins and RNAs necessary for germ cell
formation (i.e. gcl-less) to the posterior pole |
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Term
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Definition
Nanos is required for
posterior segment formation and germ cell specification
—Essential in inhibiting translating of certain mRNAs |
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Term
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Definition
An RNA binding protein
-Vasa is critical for initiating germ cell
differentiation and meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
Prdm 14: essential for
specification of the
mammalian germline
blimp1: repress
somatic-type gene
expression |
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Term
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Definition
Recombination of DNA or crossing over also occurs
during Meiosis I |
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Term
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Definition
Homologous chromosomes pair together
(Zygotene Stage)—This pairing is called
Synapsis
• Synapsis requires the nuclear membrane
and a structure called Synaptonemal
Complex |
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Term
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Definition
G-actin polymerizes to form a
finger-like acrosomal process
during fertilization (F- Actin) |
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Term
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Definition
-Sperm Chemoattractant
in Sea Urchins
• 14 amino acid peptide
• Isolated from egg jelly
• Specific for A. punctulata
– Highly species-specific |
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Term
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Definition
Calcium activates the protein RhoB—RhoB then
activates polymerization of actin
• The extended process binds to the vitelline membrane—
again species-specific |
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Term
Activation Prior to Gamete Fusion
(used by sea urchins) |
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Definition
| TK==>PLC==>PIP2==>DAG==> But also, coverts PIP2 to IP3 which opens up the Ca2+ channels |
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Term
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Definition
ZP3—receptor for species
specificity binding of sperm |
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Term
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Definition
—Protein on sperm
head which binds to Zona
Pellucida |
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Term
GalT—Sperm
galactosyltrasferase |
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Definition
» Clustering of GalT
proteins in sperm
membrane activate Gprotein that open Ca++
channels and initiate
acrosome reaction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
—located on surface of sperm
• Sperm lacking Izumo are capable to binding the
zona pellucida but incapable to bind cell
membrane |
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Term
| facultative parthenogenesis |
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Definition
Parthenogenesis alternates with sexual
reproduction—called facultative parthenogenesis
– Females reproduce parthenogenetically during the
summer when food is abundant |
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Term
| obligatory parthenogenesis |
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Definition
• Populations consist entirely of females
—some invertebrates and lizards—
reproduce by obligatory parthenogenesis |
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Term
Parthenogeneic Species
Face Three Problems |
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Definition
• Need to compensate for reduction in number of
chromosomes
– Can overcome this problem by:
• Skipping one meiotic division
• Fusing two haploid nuclei after Meiosis II
• Need to activate egg
– Silver salamander enlists a male from a
closely related male salamander
• Male’s sperm does not contribute genome only
activates egg
• Lack of sperm centrosome
– Egg can contribute MTOC |
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