Term
What are the two approaches to Developent? |
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Definition
1. Cognitive - Jean Piaget
2. Socail and meotional -
.Erikson
. Harlow
. Ainsworth |
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Term
Who was Jean Piaget and how did his approach to dealing with children create a new approach to cognitive developmental Psychology? |
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Definition
administered IQ test to French speaking children and was fascinated that so many children who were around the same age came the same incorrect answer to a given question.
He then theorised, "Children's thinking changes with age"
and "children have a different thought process then adults. Intellectual development is not merely an accumulation of experience rather the child constructs new mental processes as he or she interacts with the environment |
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Term
According to Piaget what is behavior based on? |
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Definition
Schemata
A Schema is an organized way of working with objects
- The Brain builds schemas (Mental Frameworks)
- Schemas helps us organize our world when we encounter new information
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Term
What is an example of a babes schema? |
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Definition
Babies have a suckling schema and a grasping schema, but they will eventually get older and adapt their old schemas and add new ones |
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Term
How does adaptation take place with Piaget's Schematas?
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Definition
Assimilation and Accomodation |
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Term
What is Assimilation for Piaget?
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Definition
is the process by which new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas.
an example would be children see animals moving and conclude they are alive and so too would believe that the planets are alive too if they also move
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Term
What is Accomodation according to Piaget?
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Definition
is the process by which new experiences cause existing schemas to change
an example would be theat children will learnt that the idea that only living things move has exeptions and that the planets aren not alive
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Term
What are Piagte's Cognitive Developmet Stages?
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Definition
- Sensorimotor - (Birth-2 Yr Old)
- Preoperational - (2-7 Yr Old)
- Concrete Operational - (7-11 Yr Old)
- Format Operational- (11-Adulthood)
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Term
Describe the Sensorimotor Stage in Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages |
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Definition
–Birth to age 2
–Infants understand their world primarily through sensory experiences and physical interactions with objects.
–For young infants, “out of sight” means “out of mind.”
–Key feature in this stage is development of object permanence. |
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Term
In Piagets Cognitive Stage Development, the Sensorimotor stage, What is Object Permeance? |
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Definition
is the concept that objects can exist even when you aren’t experiencing them.
A common test is to hide a toy behind a wall. Successful development of OP would lead to the expectation that the ball remains there after it collapses. |
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Term
What is the Preoperational stage in Piagets Cognitive Stage Development? |
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Definition
–At around age 2, children can represent the worldsymbolically through words and mental images, but don’t yet understand basic mental operations or rules.
–Children in this stage don’t understand conservation.
–Children in this stage also display egocentrism.
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Term
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Definition
Basic properties of objects, such as their volume, mass, or quantity, etc. stay the same even though their outward appearance may change.
example would be different shaped galsses that hold the same liquid
or an array of dots with the same sum but a different pattern
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Term
What is the Preoperational Stage in Piaget's Stage Modeling? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
•Difficulty in viewing the world from someone else’s perspective.
•Egocentrism is not selfishness, but rather that children believe that other people perceive the world the same way they do. |
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Term
How did Piagets 3 mountain problem display egocentrism? |
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Definition
In Piaget’s three-mountain problem, children are asked to draw the scene from the doll’s perspective. Children in the preoperational stage consistently draw it from their perspective. |
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Term
What is the Theory of Mind and how does it contradict Egocentrism? |
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Definition
is the opposite of egocentrism; understadinig that other poeple have a mind too, and each persons knows things that other people don't know.
the ability to understand the world from another’s perspective. |
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Term
What is the false belief task? |
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Definition
to recognize that others can have beliefs about the world that are wrong.
most normally-developing children are unable to pass the tasks until around age four
Modern psychologists have criticized the spatial difficulty of Piaget’s three-mountain problem. Instead, they use the false-belief task to assess egocentrism and TOM. |
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Term
What is an issue with Egocentricism? |
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Definition
Your making the argument that children don't understand what other poeple know and don't know |
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Term
| What is the Concrete operational stage? |
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Definition
–Children can perform basic mental operations that involve tangible (concrete) objects and situations.
Will still fail at abstract or hypothetical concepts
ex: if you ask a child in this state to move a highway with whip cream he will respond that its a silly question
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Term
| What is the Formal operational Stage? |
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Definition
–Individuals are able to think logically and systematically about both concrete and abstract problems, form hypotheses, and test them in a thoughtful way. |
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Term
What does does Piaget claim about his stage model? |
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Definition
•General cognitive abilities occur in same order across cultures. |
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Term
What are some critisims about Piaget Stage model? |
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Definition
–Children acquire many cognitive abilities earlier than Piaget believed.
–Development within each stage proceeds inconsistently.
–Social environment influences cognitive development.
–Cognitive development is more complex and variable than Piaget proposed. |
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Term
What is Eriksons Stages of Human Development? |
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Definition
- Infant
- Toddler (1-3)
- Preschool (3-6)
- Preadolescent (6-12)
- Adolescent - (early teens)
- Young Adult- (late teens early 20's)
- Middle Adut - (late 20's to retirement)
- Older Adult - (Afer retirement)
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Term
In Eriksons Stages of Human Development what is the conflict and an Infant |
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Definition
Basic trust VS Mistrust
Is my social world predictable and supportive? |
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Term
In Eriksons Stages of Human Development what is the conflict in the Toddler Stage |
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Definition
Ages 1-3
Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt
Can I do things by myself or must I always rely on others?
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Term
In Eriksons Stages of Human Deveopment what is the conflict for the Preschool Child |
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Definition
Iniviative Versus Guilt
Am I good or bad? |
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Term
In Eriksons Stages of Human Deveopment what is the conflict for preadolescents? |
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Definition
Industry VS Inferiority
Am I succesgful or worthless |
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Term
In Eriksons Stages of Human Development what is the conflict with Adolescents |
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Definition
Indentity VS Role Confusion
Who am I |
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Term
In Eriksons Stages of Human Deveopment what is the conflict for the young adult? |
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Definition
Intimacy VS Isolation
Shall I Share my life with another person or live alone? |
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Term
| In Eriksons Stages of Human Development what is the conflict of Middle Adult |
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Definition
Generativity VS Stagnation
Will I succeed in my life, both as a parent and as a worker? |
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Term
| In eriksons Stages of Human Development what is the conflict with the Older Adult? |
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Definition
Ego Integrity VS Despair
Have I lived a full life or have I failed?
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Term
What was Harlows expiriment with isolated monkeys? |
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Definition
–Infant monkeys in solitary confinement from 3 months to 1 year
•Empty steel chamber and saw no living creature
–After confinement, animals’ reactions were observed in various situations.
–3-month isolation had little effect, but longer periods led to dramatic disturbances |
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Term
What were the results from Harlow's Isolated Monkey Experiment? |
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Definition
–Huddled in corner of the cage, clasped themselves, and rocked back and forth
–When brought together with normally reared agemates, there was no active chasing and playful romping that is characteristic of that age
–Instead, they withdrew, huddled, rocked, and bit themselves
–Social inadequacy persisted into adolescence and adulthood.
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Term
In Harlows Isolated Monkey experiment, how did the Monkeys react to sexual relationships? |
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Definition
–Sexually and parentally incompetent
•Males inept at courtship and mating. If they approached other animals at all, they would “grasp other monkeys of either sex by the head and throat aimlessly, a semi-erotic exercise without amorous achievements.”
•Females resisted sexual overtures of normal males. Some were impregnated by artificial means. |
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Term
In Harlows Isolated Monkeys how did he female monkey
react after they had babie through artifial impregnation? |
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Definition
Female monkeys raised in isolation may become mothers by artificial impregnation.
They usually ignore their infants. Sometimes, as shown here, they abuse them. |
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Term
Can we make a corelation between monkeys and humans from the isolated monkey expiriemnt? |
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Definition
–Human infants reared under conditions of isolation suffer in their social and emotional development.
–Some evidence comes from studies of infants reared in orphanages that supplied adequate nutrition and bodily care, but provided rather little in sensory and social stimulation. |
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Term
What do we learn about children in different orphanage settings from Yarrow? |
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Definition
–Contact with adults restricted to times when they were fed and diapered
–When compared to others who were raised normally, no differences for first 3-4 months
–Afterwards, they differed markedly:
•Some were insatiable in demand for attention
•Majority became extremely apathetic in reactions to people. Rarely tried to approach adults to hug or to get reassurance when in distress
•A few others sat in a corner of their cribs, withdrawn and expressionless, and rocked back and forth - like MONKEYS
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Term
More effects from children in isolated orphanage settinsg |
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Definition
–Many of these orphanage children had a number of intellectual deficits in language and abstract thinking that persisted into adolescence and beyond.
–There were also social and emotional effects, including heightened physical aggression, delinquency, and indifference to others.
–These problems do not arise because the child was in an orphanage; what is critical is the quality of the orphanage.
–When children are raised in adequate orphanages, they emerge without serious harm. |
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Term
Are the effects of early social isolation permanent? |
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Definition
•According to Freud - Yes.
•Some other studies suggest that effects of early isolation can be reversible.
Young monkeys can be rehabilitated for social life after six months of isolation
Young “therapists” would cling to unwilling isolates.
Weeks later, there were strong signs of recovery. |
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Term
How do oprhans in overcrowded orphanages differ from those who were trasnferred to womens institution for formal mental retardation patients? |
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Definition
–Some children in overcrowded orphanage transferred to an institution for mentally retarded women
–Ironically, the institution was a richer and more stimulating environment due to more caregivers.
–Each child was “adopted” by one adult (either an institutionalized woman or an attendant), who became attached to the child
–IQ scores of children who remained in the orphanage dropped during succeeding years, while scores of transferred children rose–When they reached their 30s, transferred participants reached educational/occupational level that was average for the country at the time.–Half of those who remained in the orphanage never finished 3rd grade.
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Term
| What is the cuppord theory and how does it contradict Harlow |
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Definition
•What accounts for the infant’s attachment to the caregiver?
–Cupboard theory (Freud)
•Infant is afraid when mother is absent because he/she expects to go unfed
•Mothers are primarily seen as a food repository (whether through breast or bottlle
Need food more than comfort and love
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Term
| How did Harlow try and contradict the Cuppord theory? |
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Definition
•Harlow (1958)
–Newborn monkeys raised without mothers
–Each monkey lived alone in a cage containing two stationary figures
•One was made of wire; the other was made of soft terry cloth
•The wire figure had a nipple that yielded milk, but no similar provision for the terry cloth figure
•Monkeys spent much more time with terry cloth “mother” than wire figure. |
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