Term
| Plato's view of children/childhood |
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Definition
children are born w/ innate knowledge of concrete subjects [animals, people] and abstractions [courage, love]
children's sensory experiences trigger knowledge they've had since birth
parenting style: teach self control and discipline |
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Term
| Aristotle's view of children/childhood |
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Definition
believed knowledge is rooted in perceptual experience, children come in with a blank slate
believed child rearing should be geared toward individual child ["one size doesn't fit all"] |
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Term
| John Locke's view of children/childhood |
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Definition
tabula rasa-->blank slate: experience molds the infant, child, adolescent, and adult into a unique individual
emphasized importance of instilling discipline and character from the beginning and as children get older you slowly ease off |
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Term
| Rousseau's view of children/childhood |
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Definition
emphasizes maximum freedom of a child from the beginning: children come in the world with innate abilities and logic
children are going to learn based on interaction with the world, so leave them alone and let them do their thing and later you can instill discipline just be responsive to their needs/wants
formal education shouldn't start until age 12 |
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Term
| Darwin and his "baby biographies" |
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Definition
believed individuals within a species differ: some are better adapted to a particular environment, making them more likely to survive and pass down characteristics to future generations
baby biographies: detailed, systematic observations of individual children -->paved way for objective, analytic research |
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Term
| G. Stanley Hall's view of children/childhood |
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Definition
formed theories based on evolutionary theory and conducted studies to determine age trend's in children's beliefs about a range of topics
founded the first scientific journal |
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Term
| Freud's view of children/childhood |
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Definition
| suggested that experiences of early childhood seemed to account for patterns of behavior in adulthood |
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Term
| John B. Watson's view of children/childhood |
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Definition
founder of behaviorism
emphasized the importance of reward/punishment for child-rearing practices |
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Term
| applied developmental science |
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Definition
| uses developmental research to promote healthy development, particularly for vulnerable children/families |
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Term
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Definition
[Arnold Gesell] [biological perspective]
child development reflects a specific and prearranged scheme or plan within the body: development is a natural unfolding of a biological plan [experience matters little]
encouraged parents to let children develop naturally
development is predictable, environment has little influence |
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Term
| ethological/evolutionary theory |
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Definition
behaviors are adaptive [have survival value]
believes animals are biologically programmed so learning occurs at certain ages [critical period: time in development when specific type of learning can take place: before or after the period, the same learning is difficult/impossible]
formulated by Lorenz [biological perspective] |
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Term
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Definition
| creating an emotional bond with the mother [like the duckling example] |
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Term
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Definition
[psychodynamic perspective]
Freud: development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages
id: primitive instincts/drives [immediate gratification of our needs/wants]
ego: practical, rational component of personality, resolves conflicts that occur when instinctive desires of the id encounter real world obstacles
superego: moral agent in our personality
-early experiences can have enduring effects on development
-children experience conflict b/w what they want to do and what they know they should do |
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Term
| Erikson's psychosocial theory |
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Definition
development consists of a sequence of stages: each defined by a unique crisis/challenge
-earlier stages of psychosocial development provide foundation for later stages |
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Term
| Freud's psychosexual development |
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Definition
One of the first to emphasize importance of childhood experience on later development/What goes on in childhood is important
Stage theory:
ages 0-2: oral, 2-4: anal, 4-5 phallic, 6-puberty: latency, puberty-onward: genital
conflict resolution
id/ego/supergo concept |
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Term
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Definition
infant's mind is a blank slate on which experience writes
Skinner's operant conditioning: consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated in the future
reinforcement: consequence that increases likelihood of a behavior that it follows
punishment: consequence that decreases future likelihood of something that follows
imitation/observational learning: learn simply by watching those around them |
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Term
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Definition
[Alfred Bandura]: children are actively trying to understand what goes on in their world, and along with reinforcement/punishment, what other people do is an important source of info about the world that children rely on
based on imitation/observation, self-efficacy: beliefs about own abilities and talents [determines when children will imitate others] |
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Term
| cognitive-developmental perspective |
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Definition
focuses on how children think and how their thinking changes as they grow
Piaget: believed children naturally try to make sense of their world and as they do this they act like scientists in creating theories about physical/social worlds and try to weave what they learn into a theory
global stage theory: like a caterpillar to a butterfly, discrete and different stages [Piaget]
contrary to Piaget--information processing theory: more component-based [attention, memory, etc], analogous to a computer in that we take in information and process it and are constantly developing, no stages involved |
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Term
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Definition
culture: knowledge, attitudes, behaviors associated w/ a group of people--provides a context in which children develop and is a source of many important influences on development throughout childhood and adolescence
Vygotsky: every aspect of child's development must be considered against cultural backdrop and parents are constantly trying to convey culture to their kids [sociocultural context]
Bronfenbrenner's interacting systems: four types of systems nested in child development
• Microsystem
Family, peers, school – immediate environment
• Mesosystem
Connects micro and exo
• Exosystem
Extended family, neighbors, mass media
Parent’s workplace
Family Friends
• Macrosystem
Attitudes, beliefs, and heritage of culture |
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Term
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Definition
| "relatedness" of development: are early aspects fo development consistently related to later aspects? |
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Term
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Definition
| what orles od biology and environment play in child development? |
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Term
| active-passive child issue |
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Definition
are children at mercy of the environment [passive child]? or do they actively influence own development through own unique individual characteristics? [active child]
passive view: Locke's view of a blank slate; active view: Rousseau's view of development as a natural unfolding taking place |
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Term
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Definition
watching children, carefully recording what they do/say
two forms:
1) naturalistic observation: children are observed as they behave spontaneously in a real -life situation
2) structured observation: researcher creates a setting likely to elicit behavior of interest |
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Term
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Definition
children's answers to questions about the topic of interest
-enable you to see self concept/how children perceive themselves and self-esteem
-can lead to direct information, convenient, but not always valid b/c answers can be inaccurate due to response bias - people will give socially acceptable answers |
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Term
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Definition
| yields consistent results over time |
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Term
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Definition
o Does our measure test what we think it is testing/measuring?
o Face validity
• At face value, does this look like a good measure?
o Concurrent validity
• Testing validity by looking at our measure compared with another measure of that same construct that’s already established
• Comparing our measure against something that’s an already established measure of that construct
o Predictive validity
• How good my measure is in (during time one) predicting some sort of future, related behavior at time two
o Ecological validity
• Measure we’re using relates to real-world performance in that area
• Results we find and the conclusions we draw…do they relate to what actually happens in the real world? |
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Term
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Definition
look at relations between variables as they exist naturally in the world: measures two variables and sees how they are related
correlation coefficient: direction/strength of a correlation [r=0, variables are unrelated, >0 = positive, <0 = -]
strength depends on how much the correlation differs from 0, either positively or negatively
DOES NOT indicate cause & effect |
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Term
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Definition
| factor that is manipulated: independent variable, behavior measured = dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
researcher manipulates independent variables in a natural setting so that results are more likely to be representative of behavior in real world settings
enable us to draw strong cause-and-effect conclusions
impractical b/c of logistical problems |
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Term
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Definition
| examines impact of an independent variable by using groups that were not created with random assignment |
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Term
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Definition
same individuals are observed/tested repeatedly at different points in their lives
microgenetic study: children are tested repeatedly over a span of days/weeks in order to see change directly as it occurs
disadvantages of longitudinal design:
1) practice effects: getting the same test many times makes kids "test wise"
2) selective attrition: constancy of sample over course of research [some drop out, etc]
3) cohort effects: developmental change may be specific to certain generation of people when they are observed over a long period of time |
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Term
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Definition
developmental changes are identified by testing children of different ages at one point in their development
cohorts are still a problem: results may apply to children who are a certain age at a time of testing and not generalize to previous/future generations
we learn nothing about continuity of development |
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Term
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Definition
| researchers can synthesize results of any studies to estimate relations between variables [find studies published on a topic over a period of time] |
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Term
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Definition
| participants should understand research so they ca make an educated decision about participating |
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Term
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Definition
| mixing sperm/eggs together in a laboratory dish and then placing several fertilized eggs in a woman's uterus |
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Term
| autosomes/sex chromosomes |
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Definition
autosomes: first 22
23rd pair: sex chromosome
each chromosome has one molecule of DNA
adenine-->thymine
guanine-->cytosine
each group of paired basis has a specific set of biochemical instructions = gene |
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Term
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Definition
different forms genes can come in
homozygous: both the same
heterozygous: different alleles
one can be dominant one can be recessive blah blah basic shit |
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Term
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Definition
| when one allele doesn't dominate another completely |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals w/ one dominant one recessive allele: usually they have no problems but when they are seriously short of oxygen they suffer a temporary, mild form of the disease |
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Term
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Definition
progressive generation of the nervous system, caused by dominant allele on chromosome 4
Neurodegenetive disease that happens later in life
Person will have difficulty with emotional regulation, lose muscle control→jerking, twitching, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
• Doesn’t have proper enzyme to break down a certain amino acid, so our bodies
• Severe mental retardation
• Effective treatment: strict controlling of the diet
recessive transmission |
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Term
| Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy [MD] |
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Definition
sex-linked recessive transmission
• Degenerative muscular disorder
• Linked to the x chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
incomplete dominance
o Sickle cell trait vs. not having sickle cell trait: incomplete dominance
• Dominant allele overrides recessive usually, but in this case the dominant allele doesn’t totally override recessive [incomplete dominance], so the mom has sickle cell trait but not the disease |
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Term
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Definition
extra 21st chromosome resluting in intellectual disability
limited educational achievements
extra autosome, missing autosome, damaged autosome has major consequences b/c autosomes have tons of genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| phenotypes that reflect combined activity of many separate genes |
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Term
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Definition
• Genetic disorders associated w/ sex chromosomes
• Klinefelter’s syndrome: XXY
o Male is below normal intelligence, tall, small testicles, not fertile
• XYY complement
o Sometimes intelligence is low but not always
• Turner’s syndrome: X
o Underdeveloped female
o Small in stature, undeveloped secondary sex characteristics
o Difficulty with cognitive functions like spatial relations
• XXX syndrome
o Extra X
• Never have a situation where an individual is born with a single Y |
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Term
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Definition
• Interplay between genotype and environment and resulting phenotype
• Impact of environment on phenotype depending on particular genotype and reaction range for that resulting phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous interplay between genes and multiple levels of the environment that drives developent |
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Term
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Definition
estimates extent to which differences between people reflect heredity
cautions:
1) apply to groups of people not individuas
2) apply to a specific group in a specific environment |
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Term
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Definition
| process fo deliberately seeking environments that fit one's heredity |
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Term
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Definition
changes that transform a fertilized egg into a newborn human
three stages: zygote, embryo, fetus |
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Term
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Definition
begins at 2 weeks: fertilized egg implants itself on wall of uterus
zygote grows through cell division, travels down fallopian tube toward uterus [if it separates it becomes twinsies]
blastocyt: after 4ish days the zygote is a hollow ball and is called this
implantation: blastocyst burrows into uterine wall, establishes connections w/ mommys blood vessels
germ dic: small cluster of cells near center of blastocyst eventually develops into baby
layer of cells closest to uterus become placenta: structure for exchanging nutrients and wastes between mama and baby
implantation/differentiation of cells marks end of zygote period |
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Term
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Definition
• Passive gene-environment
o Development
• Newborn isn’t affecting their environment
• Evocative gene-environment
o Children have more control over their environment
o now their genotype impacts environment and therefore evokes reactions that will change the expression of their phenotype
o example: outgoing – evokes responses from people around her, which gives her more positive feedback to encourage her extroversion
• Active gene-environment
o Children get older – make choices about their environment (friends, activities, places they go) |
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Term
| period of the embryo: weeks 3-8 |
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Definition
called am embryo when blastocyst is completely embedded in uterine wall, cell differentiation
outer layer [ectoderm]: becomes hair, outer layer of skin, nervous system
middle layer [mesoderm]: form muscles, bones, circulatory system
inner layer [endoderm]: form digestive system and the lungs'
embryo rests in amniotic sac filled w/ amniotic fluid that cushions embryo/maintains constant temp
umbilical cord houses blood vessels that join embryos to the placenta, blood flows through villi which allow nutrients oxygen vitamins and waste to be exchanged b/w baby and mama |
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Term
| period of the fetus weeks 9-38 |
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Definition
baby becomes larger and bodily systems begin to work: finishing touches put on body systems that are essential for life
brain regions like cerebral cortex [wrinkled surface of brain regulating many behaviors] grow
males develop testes, girls develop ovaries
eyebrows, eyelashes, scalp hair develops
skin thickens, covered in vernix: protects fetus
heart is beating, etc.
age 22-28 weeks: most system functions well enough that a fetus has a chance to survive-->age of viability
fetus can punch, kick: active fetus more likely to be an unhappy, difficult baby
shows that senses work, fetus can hear mama's heart beat, hear food digestion
fetus can remember sensory experiences like sounds and flavors |
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Term
| influences on prenatal development/risk factors |
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Definition
1) nutrition: need to have a good diet--if not, infant will be immature/underweight
spina bifida: when mommys dont consume adequate amounts of folic acid, babies are at risk for spina bifida, where embryo's neural tube does not close properly in first month of pregnancy
2) stress: constant stress, offspring are smaller than average/prone to other physical and behavioral problems
body secretes hormones when stress that reduce flow of oxygen to fetus, increasing its heart rate/activity level, stress can weaken immune system, stressed women will be more likely to smoke/drink
3) mother's age: 20's = prime child bearing years, twice as fertile as older women, past 35 years old risk of miscarriage increases rapidly
women > 40 = more likely to have down syndrome babies |
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Term
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Definition
agent causing abnormal prenatal development
1) drugs
• Alcohol
o FAS: cognitive deficits, heart damage, retarded growth
• Leading cause of developmental disability in this country
• We don’t know that much about alcohol impacting fetal development but we do know its bad so cut it out
• Aspirin
o Cognitive and mootr deficits
• Caffeine
o Low birth weight, decreased muscle tone
• Cocaine
o Extreme irritability in newborns, retarded growth
• Nicotine
o Retarded growth: reduces oxygen/nutrients that can reach the fetus through the placenta
2) environmental hazards
chemicals associated w/ industrial waste can be bad news
• Lead→mental retardation
• Mercury→retarded growth, mental retardation, cerebral palsy
• PCBs→impaired memory and verbal skills
• X-rays→retarded growth, leukemia, mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| needle inserted through mother's abdomen to obtain sample of amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| sample of tissue is obtained form the chorion [a part of the placenta] and analyzed |
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Term
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Definition
-timing depends on flow of hormonal signals b/w placenta and brain and adrenal glands of fetus
three stages:
1) muscles of uterus start to contract, force amniotic fluid against cervix which cause cervix to enlarge, weak/irregularly spaced contractions
• Early [latent] labor – 3-4 cm
• Active labor – 4-8 cm
o May ask for drugs, pain starts to kick in
• Transition—8-10 cm
o Contractions 1-2 minutes, last 60-90 seconds so shit is pretty intense
o Shorter than other phases
o If she hasn’t had drugs yet, you can be at a point of no return
• Contractions cause cervix to dilate/thin out, contractions push baby down further and further to come out
2) crowning: baby's head appears
• Desire your body has to push but you can’t push until you’re fully dilated to 10cm and the baby is crowning then they yell at you to push
• You push w/ the contractions
3) • Baby is out
• Placenta detaches from wall and baby is out
• Plate of skull is not totally fused at birth
o Anterior and posterior
o As the baby comes out of the birth canal, the plates can overlap in order to change the shape of the skull to get the baby out |
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Term
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Definition
“Lightening”
• Baby has dropped
• Can occur a few days before birth or several weeks
• Cuts off moms breathing a little bit when the baby is fully grown in the fetus – now the mother can breathe more
• Heaviness in the pelvis because the baby has moved down
Cervix starts to efface and dilate
• Dilate – open up
• Efface – thin out
• Easier for the baby to pass through
“Bloody Show”
• Mucus plug
Water Breaks
• Amniotic sac ruptures – fluid released
o Either in trickles or a big rush
o Uterus contracts and causes the sac to rupture |
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Term
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Definition
if blood flow is disrupted infants do not receive adequate oxygen
sometimes occurs during labor/delivery
abrupt change in heart rate = sign fetus is not receiving enough oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
• If placenta detaches too early, perhaps during birth process or early during pregnancy
• Can occur w/ cocaine use |
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Term
| cesarean section AKA c-section |
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Definition
incision made in abdomen to remove baby from uterus
increased bleeding, greater danger of infection |
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Term
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Definition
| born 35 weeks after conception or earlier |
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Term
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Definition
| substantially smaller than would be expected based on length of time since conceptions [more serious than prematurity], often born to women who smoke/drink during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
• Apgar score
o Provides standard, consistent, systematic way to assess the newborn
o Four systems: autonomic [ability to control functions like breathing], motor [ability to control body movements], state [ability to maintain a state], social [ability to interact with people]
• Muscle tone/activity
• Pulse
• Response to irritating stimulus [grimace]
• Skin color/appearance
• Respiration
o Taken at 1 minute after birth then 5 minutes after birth |
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Term
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Definition
unlearned responses that are triggered by a specific form of stimulation
• Most go away early in development
• Babinski
o Stroke foot, toes flare out then curl in
• Blink
• Moro
o Startle reflex
o Pretending to drop kind of thing, the infant arm’s will go out to the side then come back in
• Palmar
o If you put something in an infant’s palm they will grasp it
• Rooting reflex
o Sucking on your finger
• Stepping
• Sucking
o Stick something in their mouth they will suck
• Withdrawal
o If you take the bottom of their foot and pinprick it, they will withdraw their foot |
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Term
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Definition
alert inactivity: baby calm w/ eyes open/attentive, baby looks as if deliberately inspecting environment
waking activity: the baby's eyes are open, seem unfocused
crying:
-basic cry: starts softly, gradually becomes more intense/occurs when hungry and tired
-mad cry: intense version of a basic cry
-pain cry: sudden, long burst of crying followed by long pause and gasping
swaddling: infant wrapped in a blanket
sleeping: sleep 16-18 hours a day
REM sleep: more arms and legs, grimace, eyes dart beneath eyelids
non REM sleep: breathing, heart rate, brain activity are steady, newborns lie without twitching |
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Term
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Definition
| ends of cartilage structures that turn to bone shortly after birth |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in physical development from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
stimulates growth, 80% of it is secreted during sleep
secreted by pituitary gland |
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Term
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Definition
adolescent growth spurt/sexual maturation
bones become longer/more dense, thicker muscle fibers and increases in strength, body fat increases, heart/lung capacities increase |
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Term
| primary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| organs directly involved in reproduction [ovaries, uterus, vag in girls and scrotum, testes, penis in boys] |
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Term
| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
physical signs of maturity that are not linked directly to reproductive organs
growth of breasts/widening of pelvis, appearance of facial hair in boys, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| onset of menstruation, typically occurs at age 13 |
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Term
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Definition
| first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm laden fluid |
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Term
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Definition
o Head-tail principle
o Growth from infant through development starts with head and then you grow into the body |
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Term
| proximal to distal principle |
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Definition
o Grow in to out, growth is not steady
o Embryo: 4 weeks, fetus: 16 weeks
o By 5 months of age, newborn has doubled weight |
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Term
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Definition
secretes growth hormone
regulates pubertal changes by signaling other glands to secrete hormones
adrenal glands release androgens which produce body hair
ovaries release estrogen, testes release testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
| speed at which body consumes calories |
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Term
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Definition
• Beginning of embryonic period [three weeks]
• At three weeks: collection of cells accumulate and make a flat surface which develops into the brain
o These cells become called the neural plate
o 4 weeks: neural plate curves up/starts to close, develops into the neural tube
o when the tube doesn’t close, there are serious problems in development [birth defect AKA neural tube defect]
o each end closes b/c brain and spinal cord at each end
• top end = brain, bottom = spinal cord
• bottom tube does not close = spinabifita
muscle weakness, bladder problems all the way to paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
wrinkled surface of brain made up of 10 billion neurons, regulates functions that we think of as "distinctly human"
left/right halves [hemispheres] tat are linked by axons in a bundle called the corpus callosum |
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Term
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Definition
| personality/ability to make and carry out plans |
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Term
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Definition
synapses begin to disappear gradually
completed first for brain regions associated w/ sensory and motor functions |
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Term
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Definition
| measuring brain's electrical activity from electrodes placed on the scalp |
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Term
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Definition
| uses magnetic fields to track bloodflow in the brain |
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Term
| two specific forms of specialization |
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Definition
1) development of brain regions active during processing become more focused/less diffuse
2) kinds of stimuli that trigger brain activity shift form being general to being specific |
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Term
| different brain systems specialize at different rates |
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Definition
| those involving basic sensory/perceptual processes specialize well before those regions necessary for higher order processes |
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Term
| successful specialization requires stimulation from the environment |
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Definition
environmental input influences experience-expectant growth: infants have been exposed to some forms of stimulation that are used to adjust brain writing, strengthening some circuits and eliminating others
developing brain needs to be fine tuned by envuronment |
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Term
| immature brain's lack of specialization confers a benefit: greater plasticity |
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Definition
| brain development usually follows a predictable course that reflects epigenetic interactions between genetic code and environmental input |
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Term
| sensory and perceptual processes |
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Definition
| means by which people receive, select, modify, organize stimulation from the world |
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Term
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Definition
closely linked to perceptual skills
coordinated movements of muscles and limbs |
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Term
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Definition
| when a novel stimulus is presented, babies pay attention but pay less attention as it becomes more familiar |
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Term
| newborn's senses of smell, taste, touch |
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Definition
keen sense of smell
highly developed sense of taste
sensitive to touch
smell/touch help them recognize mothers, making it easier for them to eat |
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Term
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Definition
quietest sound a person can hear
infants hear sounds best that have pitches in the range of human speech |
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Term
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Definition
smallest pattern that can be distinguished dependably
most infants will look at patterned stimuli instead of plain, nonpatterned stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized neurons in the retina that enable us to detect wavelength and can therefore detect color |
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Term
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Definition
| information like duration, rate, and intensity, that can be presented in different senses |
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Term
| intersensory redundancy theory |
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Definition
| infant's perceptual system is particularly attuned to amodal information that is presented to multiple sensory modes |
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Term
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Definition
| realization that an object's actual size remains the same despite changes in the size of its retinal image |
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Term
| visual cliff [experiment] |
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Definition
glass-covered platform: one side pattern appears directly under the glass, on the other it appears several feet below the glass
most babies willingly crawl to their mothers when she stands on the shallow side but refuse to cross to the deep side even when their mother calls |
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Term
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Definition
| motion is used to estimate depth |
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Term
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Definition
| as an object moves closer, it fills an ever-greater proportion of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| nearby moving objects move across our visual field faster than those at a distance |
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Term
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Definition
when the left and right eyes often see slightly different versions of the same scene
greater disparity in positions of the image on the retina signals an object is close, for example |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which we select info that will be processed further |
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Term
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Definition
| when presented with a strong/unfamiliar stimulus, orienting response occurs as a person startles, fixes eyes on the stimulus, shows a change in heart rate and brain wave patterns |
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Term
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Definition
hyperactivity: children are energetic, fidgety, unable to keep still
inattention: skip from one task to another, do not pay attention
impulsivity: act before thinking
often have problems w/ academic performance, conduct, getting along with their peers |
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Term
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Definition
| grasping, holding, manipulating objects, self feeding, dressing themselves, handedness [well established by age 5] |
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Term
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Definition
motor development involves many distinct skills that are organized/reorganized over time to meet demands of specific tasks
only by understanding each of these skills and how they combine to allow movement in a certain situation is how we can understand walking |
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Term
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Definition
differentiation: mastery of component skills
integration: combining these component skills in proper sequence into a coherent, working whole |
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Term
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Definition
• Growing neurons
• Neurogenesis is virtually complete by 28 weeks of conception
• Migration
o Build the brain – how they move to certain areas
o Migrate first to the deeper or inner layers in the center of the brain
• Move out from there
o 6 layers in place by 7 months
• Once the neurons have migration and settled
o Neurons change and structure changes
• Aborization – neurons changing shape and structure
o Building of the dendrites (receiving)
o Starts prenatally
o Takes place mostly after birth
o Receiving signals and structures on the neurons become more complex
• More stimulation after the baby is born
• Myleination
o Neurons develop myelin sheath
o Increase efficiency of the system
o Starts prenatally (4months post-conception)
• Continues well into early adulthood
o Sensory areas myleniate first
• Most important for babies
o Frontal Lobes last to be myelinated
• Synaptogensis
o More synapses are being developed
o Grow exponentially form birth to 24 months
• Starts prenatally
o Synatptic Pruning
o Look at prefrontal vs. visual cortex
• Peak for prefrontal cortex is later for the visual cortex
• Creates a more efficient system |
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Term
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Definition
| o Chin up, chest up, reach and miss, sit with support, sit on lap/grasp object, sit alone, stand with help, crawl, pull to stand by furniture, stand alone, then eventually walk alone |
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Term
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Definition
• Stepping reflex seems to go away at roughly 2 months of age
• Seems to come back again right before baby learns how to walk – roughly 10 months |
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