Term
| GBS commonly colonizes what areas? |
|
Definition
| Lower GI tract and Vaginal epithelium of healthy adults. |
|
|
Term
| The first GBS strain was studied by whom? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| First GBS strains studied by Lancefield were isolated from what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| First report of GBS in humans appeared in what year? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gram stain and morphology of GBS? |
|
Definition
| Gram positive cocci in chains. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Systematic categorization of organisms into a coherent scheme. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Provides order, organisms with a common characteristic are recognized and assigned to the same group or rank (taxon). |
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|
Term
| Linnaeus (1753) classification... |
|
Definition
| 2 kingdoms, Animalia (animals and protozoa) and Plantae (plants, algae, bacteria, fungi) |
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|
Term
| Haeckal (1866) classification... |
|
Definition
| 3 kingdoms, Animalia (animals), Plantae (plants, multicellular algae), and Protista (unicellular algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa). |
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|
Term
| Whittaker (1969) classification... |
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Definition
| 5 Kingdoms, Animalia (animals), Plantae (plants), Protista (algae, protozoa), Fungi (fungi), Monera (prokaryotae). |
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|
Term
| Woese (1981) classification... |
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Definition
| 3 domains, Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya |
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Term
| Linnaeus and Haeckel classified organisms based on... |
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Definition
| microscopic observations. |
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|
Term
| Whittaker (1969) classified organisms based on what? |
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Definition
| (1969) Improvements in microscopy and biochemical methods. |
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Term
| In 1981 Woese classified organisms based on... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Classical approach to classification assigns microorganisms based on... |
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Definition
| morphology and physiology |
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Term
| Numerical taxonomy groups microorganisms ... |
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Definition
| into phenoms based on their similarities |
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|
Term
| Molecular classification is based on... |
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Definition
|
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Term
Classical Approach of classification: Structure/Morphology
What do they look at? |
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Definition
| Shape, size, arrangement, sheaths, flagella and their arrangement, Gram stain, spores). |
|
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Term
| Classical Approach of classification: Biochemical/physiological. What do they look at? |
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Definition
| carbohydrates utilized, optimum temp.m rand of temp. optimum pH, range of pH, growth factors required, O2 requirement, end product fermentation, antibiotic sensitivities. |
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Term
| The numerical approach to classification is based on the work of whom? |
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Definition
| French botanist Michael Adanson. |
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|
Term
| Explain the numerical approach of classification. |
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Definition
| All observable characteristics carry equal weight. Similarities between 2 or more organisms are determined using 2 methods. Both methods compare the number of identical characteristics to the total number of characteristics observed in the organisms. |
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Term
| Phenoms are clusters based on the _________ approach to classification. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used to determine DNA homology between two organisms? |
|
Definition
| Nucleic Acid Hybridization |
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|
Term
| Name some different molecular approaches to classification... |
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Definition
| Base sequence analysis, DNA probes, 16s rRNA analysis, nucleic acid hybridization, Mol % G/C. |
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|
Term
| How are phylogenic trees developed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is 16s rRNA used to make phylogenic trees? |
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Definition
| Because there are highly conserved regions, the slight differences can determine phylogenic relationships. |
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Term
| Give an example of taxonomic ranks.... |
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Definition
Kingdom, division, class, order...etc
Family, Genus, Species,...biovar
Serovar, pathovar, morphovar... |
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|
Term
| What forms on your shower curtain? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes pink colonies to form on your shower curtain? |
|
Definition
| Methalobacteria-utilizes single carbon sources |
|
|
Term
| What causes yellow colonies on the shower curtain? |
|
Definition
| Sphingomonas->found in dental water lines and AC lines. |
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Term
| Describe the GRAM POSITIVE cell wall. |
|
Definition
| Thick peptidoglycan layer. |
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|
Term
| Describe the GRAM NEGATIVE outer membrane. |
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Definition
| Outer membrane consists of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) |
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|
Term
| Name the four genera of the family Micrococcaceae |
|
Definition
| Micrococcus, Planococcus, Staphylococcus, Stomatococcus |
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|
Term
| Family Micrococcaceae is typically catalase ______ and grows in _____ % NaCl |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the bridge between the peptidoglycan linkages? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Micrococcus...cell arrangement and morphology. |
|
Definition
| Gram positive cocci in tetrads and clusters. |
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|
Term
| Micrococcus....aerobic or anaerobic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Micrococcus....motile or non-motile? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is micrococcus found? |
|
Definition
| In the environment and transient skin flora in humans and other animals. |
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 species of Micrococcus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Planococcus....cell arrangement and morphology |
|
Definition
| Gram positive cocci in pairs and tetrads |
|
|
Term
| Planococcus....aerobic or anaerobic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Planococcus...motile or non-motile?? |
|
Definition
| MOTILE COCCUS! All strains have 1-3 flagella |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corynebacterium....Gram stain andarangement |
|
Definition
| Gram POSITIVE, straight or slightly curved, thin rods. They have "club ends". Chinese letter formations. |
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|
Term
| Who described Corynebacterium strand in 1883? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who proved corynebacterium caused dipnhtheria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First Nobel Prize in Medicine given to?? |
|
Definition
| German doctor Von Bering for developing the anti-toxin to diphtheria. |
|
|
Term
| Corynebacterium genus are mostly catalase??? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Corynebacterium genus are mostly...motile or nonmotile? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Corynebacterium genus cell walls contain what? |
|
Definition
| mycolic acid, arabinose and galactose. |
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|
Term
| Corynebacterium is found where? |
|
Definition
| In nature, soil, water, on humans reside on the skin and mucous membranes. Nasopharynx, vagina and skin. |
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|
Term
| A pseudomembrane forms in the airway with what bacterial infection? |
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
|
|
Term
| Name some cell wall structures of Corynebacterium... |
|
Definition
| Chemotype IV, Mycolic acids, Straight chain saturated, unsaturated fatty acids, Menaquinones, Vit K2 |
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|
Term
| Four distinct colony (biotypes) types of Corynebacterium diphtheria are...? |
|
Definition
| gravis, mitis, intermedius, belfanti. |
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|
Term
| Corynebacterium biochemical and media reactions. |
|
Definition
| PYR -, Phosphotase -, Esculin -, Urea -, produces acid from glucose and maltose (not sucrose, mannitol or xylose). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short irregular rod, starch positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long curved irregular rod, starch negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long rod, starch negative. |
|
|
Term
| Two tests for toxigenicty in ID of Corynebacterium? |
|
Definition
| Schick test (in vivo) and Elek test (in vivo). |
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|
Term
| Specialized transduction has two types. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One molecule of toxin A can kill one eukaryotic cell in what bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium diphtheria |
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|
Term
| Most of the family Micrococcaceae are strict _________ (aerobes or anaerobes)?? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Planococci and Staphylococci belong to what phyletic line? |
|
Definition
| Bacillus/Lactobacillus/Streptococcus |
|
|
Term
| Micrococci and Stomatococci belong to what phyletic line? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Staphylococci are in what phylum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Planococci are marine cocci that grow in ___% NaCL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stomatococcus (part of the repiratory tract normal flora) is now a member of what genus? |
|
Definition
| Rothia. So Stomatococcus mucilaginosus is no Rothia mucilaginsa. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Planococcus strains are capable of growth in up to ___% NaCl |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 species of Planococcus |
|
Definition
| P. citreus, and P. kocuri |
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|
Term
| An encapsulated Grap positive coccus that is part of the normal human respiratory tract is genus.... |
|
Definition
| Stomatococcus (Rothia). It is also associated with endocarditis. |
|
|
Term
| What is a non motile, weakly catalase + species of stomatococcus? |
|
Definition
| S. mucilaginosus, currently known as R. mucilaginosa |
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|
Term
| Staphylococcus....morphology and arrangement? |
|
Definition
| Gram positive cocci in grape like clusters. |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus....aerobic or anaerobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus...motile or nonmotile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus is catalase ____ and oxidase ___. |
|
Definition
| Catalase positive, oxidase negative. |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus is salt tolerant to ___% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus hemolysis? |
|
Definition
| Varies depending on species. |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus is genetically related to .... |
|
Definition
| Enterococci, Streptococci, Lactobacilli, and Bacillus |
|
|
Term
| How many species of Staphylococcus are there and how many are associated with mucous membranes in humans and animals? |
|
Definition
| 35 species, 17 associated with mucous membranes. |
|
|
Term
| Name some Staphylococcus species... |
|
Definition
| S. capitis, S auricularis, and S. intermedius. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important human pathogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is S. aureus found? |
|
Definition
| In the external environment and anterior nares of 20-40% of adults. |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between Micrococcus from Staphylococcus using what tests? |
|
Definition
| Furazolidone disk, oxidase disk, bacitracin disk, lysostaphin, acid from glucose under anaerobic conditions. |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus is furazolidone....susceptible or resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus is oxidase....? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus is bacitracin....susceptible or resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus is lysostaphin....susceptible or resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Staphylococcus produce acid from glucose under anaerobic conditions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Micrococcus is furazolidone....susceptible or resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Micrococcus is oxidase...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Micrococcus is bacitracin....susceptible or resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Micrococcus is lysostaphin....susceptible or resistant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Micrococcus produce acid from glucose under anaerobic conditions? |
|
Definition
| No, negative test results. |
|
|
Term
| There are two sources for genetic pathogenesis in S. aureus. What are they? |
|
Definition
| Lysogenic conversion and chromosomal encoded virulence genes. |
|
|
Term
| Certain staphylococcal virulence genes are encoded by prophages.....what are they? |
|
Definition
| Staphylokinase, PVL, enterotoxin, and exofoliatin. |
|
|
Term
| Some chromosomal encoded virulence genes (for staphylococcus) include... |
|
Definition
| hemolysins, proteases, Protein A, clumping factor, capsule production and nucleases. |
|
|
Term
| What determines the pathogenicity of S. aureus? |
|
Definition
| Cellular antigens, like capsules, polysaccharide A, Protein A, Clumping factor, and adhesions. |
|
|
Term
| What helps prevent ingestion of a microbe by polymorphonuclear cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common polysaccharide capsules of Staph? |
|
Definition
| 5 and 8. Both are antiphagocytic |
|
|
Term
| What contains linear ribitol teichoic acids and functions in adherence of gram positive bacteria to mucosal surfaces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S. aureus cell walls have a unique protein that binds the Fc region of host IgG molecules, what is this protein called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Protein A work in S. aureus? |
|
Definition
| The protein interferes with host immune system, specifically by interfering with opsonization and ingestion of bacteria by polymorphonuclear cells. |
|
|
Term
| What substance forms the basis for the coagglutination test in the lab? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein A is ____ daltons and is immunogenic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is clumping factor (S. aureus)? |
|
Definition
| Bound or surface material that is able to bind fibrinogen and fibrin. This helps S. aureus to attach to surfaces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surface proteins that enable the bacterium to bind to proteins such as collagen. These are covalently incorporated into the structure of the peptidoglycan. |
|
|
Term
| What is in some strains of S. aureus that allows it to form biofilms on cardiac or other implanted devices which gives humans a greater risk of developing infections? |
|
Definition
| Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) |
|
|
Term
| SNPs produce ________ _______ _________ _, which adheres to host _________ and adheres to implants. (In S. aureus) |
|
Definition
| Fibronectin binding Protein A (FnBPA), FIBRONECTIN. |
|
|
Term
| A single amino acid substitution within the FnBPA can do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An endopeptidase that cleaves the pentaglycene bridge. |
|
|
Term
| What are the determinants of S. aureus pathogenicity? |
|
Definition
| Extracellular proteins, like catalase, coagulase (free, not bound), hydrolyases, staphylokinase (fibrolysin), Beta lactamase enzyme, pyrogenic exotoxins, other exotoxins (like PVL and epidermolytic toxin) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of catalase in S. aureus? |
|
Definition
| This enzyme inactivates hydrogen peroxide and free radicals formed by the myeloperoxidase system in phagocytic cells after ingestion of microbes. |
|
|
Term
| What are the cultural filtrates that act to coat the bacteria with fibrin, rendering them resistant to phagocytosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does free coagulase do? |
|
Definition
| Converts fibrinogen to fibrin during abscess formation, becomes the walls of the abscess. |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 different hydrolylases? |
|
Definition
| Lipases, phospholipase C, hyaluronidase, and themonuclease. |
|
|
Term
| The hydrolylase that helps the spread of the organism in cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues is....? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hydrolylase that impacts tissues and makes them more susceptible to damage from components of the complement system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hydrolylase that hydrolyzes the intercellular matrix of mucopolysaccharides thus allowing the organism to spread? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The hydrolylase that cleaves host DNA and RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Also known as fibrinolysin, this extracellular protein is produced by several strains of S. aureus and dissolves fibrin clots (which contributes to the spread of the organism). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the genes for the Beta lactamase enzyme usually reside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can resistance genes (Beta lactamase) be transferred from one bacteria to another? |
|
Definition
| Either through transduction or transformation. |
|
|
Term
| Over ___% of all S. aureus microbes produce one form of the Beta lactamase enzyme. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the toxin that is a superantigen and was first seen in patients in 1981? How many daltons is it? |
|
Definition
| Toxic shock syndrom toxin 1 (TSST-1). 22,000 Daltons. |
|
|
Term
| TSST-1 is what type of exotoxins? |
|
Definition
| Pyrogenic exotoxin. It stimulates the proliferation of T cells. |
|
|
Term
| Heat stable molecules responsible for the clinical picture of food poisoning is.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the enterotoxins responsible for Staph food poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Enterotoxin A-E, H, and I |
|
|
Term
| What is genus microbe is responsible for the most common form of food poisoning in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two hemolysins does S. aureus produce? |
|
Definition
| Beta hemolysin and delta hemolysin. |
|
|
Term
| What is a sphingomyelinase (35,000 daltons) that requires Mg++ for activity and attacks the sphingomyelin content in cell membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What acts as a surfactant and disrupts the cell membrane to cause channels and results in leakage of cellular components? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What exotoxin has a direct effect on human PMN cell membranes and causes cell swelling and lysis? |
|
Definition
| LPV (leucocidin, Panton-Valentine) |
|
|
Term
| What exotoxin is made of 2 proteins (each 24,000 daltons), ET-A heat stable and ET-B not heat stable, one chromosomally encoded, the other plasmid encoded? |
|
Definition
| Exofoliations or epidermolytic toxins. |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is caused by what exotoxin? How does it work? |
|
Definition
| Exofoliations or epidermolytic toxins. Proteolytic action dissolves the mucopolysaccharide matrix of the epidermis. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of diseases can S. aureus cause? |
|
Definition
| abscesses, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, food poisoning, and TSS. |
|
|
Term
| What microbe is an infrequent cause of UTI's? |
|
Definition
| Staphylococcus saprophyticus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause scalded skin syndrome also called Lyells disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S. aureus causes TSS (toxic shock syndrome) in what part of the body? |
|
Definition
| The female genital tract. |
|
|
Term
| How is it that S. aureus is resistant to penicillin? |
|
Definition
| Beta lactamase genes cleave the Beta lactam ring of penicillin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Methicillin resistant staph aureus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vancomycin intermediate-resistant Staph aureus |
|
|
Term
| How is Streptococci, Enterococci, and Streptococci-like bacteria classified? |
|
Definition
| Based on molecular methods, DNA-DNA hybridizations, and 16s rRNA sequencing. |
|
|
Term
| What genera of Order _____________ are described by their ability to utilize glucose. |
|
Definition
|
|
