Bayer Process: Bauxite dissolved in NaOH (Al & Si dissolved) --> Al(OH)₃ + NaB₄O₅(OH)₄ +H₂SO₄ --> 4B(OH)₃ + Na₂SO₄

Hall-Heroult Process: Al(OH)₃ dissolved in molten cryolite (Na₃AlF₆) --> Al₂O₃ + 3C --> 4Al + 3CO₂

- Most widely used metal after Fe

- Airplanes, Cars, Trains, etc...

- Packaging, cooking utensils

- Power lines

- Corrosive resistant due to Al₂O₃

- Recycling Al: 5% of energy to make from ore

- All oxides: catalyst supports, chromotography, abrasives

- Impurity of Bauxite (GaO)

- Byproduct of Al production

Semiconductors (98% of use)

GaAs - Blue LEDs, solar cells, integrated circuits, IR light emitting

GaN- Bright light emitting diodes, Blue-Ray disc lasers

-Byproduct of Zn and Pb production

- Leached from dust and slag

- Purified by electrolysis

-LCD and touch screens

- Uses In₂O₃ and ITO(In tin oxide) to make transparent and conductive coatings

-LEDs

Byproduct of smelting Cu, Zn, Pb by collecting flue powder

- leached w/ sulfuric acid and electrolysis

Tl₂SO₄ --> rat poison

-60 to 70% used in electronics

- Tl₂Se used in IR detector

-Tl semiconductor dopant

-Glass industry: IR optics

-Pharmaceuticals: ²⁰¹Tl radioactive and used in heart imaging, salts treat ringworm and other skin infections

35% used for borosilicate glass (pyrex)

- 12 to 15% B₂O₃, 80% SiO₂, 2% Al₂O₃

-Expands half as much as soda glass

20% used as cleaning agents 

-Perchlorate Bleach (NaBO₃ x nH₂O): made from Borax, dissolves water to make H2O2, teeth whitener, antiseptic, less agressive than NaClO bleach

- High strength lightweight B fibers

-Semi-conductor dopant

- B₄C and BN alternative to diamonds: bullet proof vests

- Nuclear power plant shielding

-BNCT: Boron neutron capture theory

¹⁰B + ¹₀n --> ¹¹B --> alpha + ⁷Li + 2.31 MeV