1. macule/patch
2. papule/plaque
3. pustule
4. vesicle/bulla
5. wheal
6. nodule/tumor

1. alopecia
2. scales
3. crust
4. follicular casts
5. comedo

1. epidermal collarette
2. scar
3. excoriation
4. erosion/ulcer
5. fissure
6. lichenification
7. callus

1. microencapsulation
2. shampoo
3. leave on conditioners
4. lotions
5. rinses
6. sprays/wipes/spot-on
7. creams and ointments
8. gels

1. emollients and moisturizers
2. drying agent
3. antiseborrheics
4. antibacterial
5. antifungal
6. antipruritic

1. sulfur
2. salicylic acid
3. tar
4. selenium sulfide
5. benzoyl peroxide
6. lipid replacement therapy (phytosphingosine, skin lipid complex)

1. benzoyl peroxide
2. mupirocin
3. chlorhexidine
4. ethyl lactate

1. chlorhexidine
2. selenium sulfide
3. miconazole
4. ketoconazole
5. climbazole

1. colloidal oatmeal
2. pramoxine HCl
3. L-rhamnose
4. hydrocortisone
5. triamcinolone

1. oils
2. lanolin

keratolytic

keratoplastic

antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasitic

keratoplastic (.1-2%)

keratolytic (3-6%)

mildly antipruritic, bacteriostatic

synergistic when combined with sulfur

keratolytic

keraoplastic

degreasing

odiferous, potentially irritating, photosensitizing

DO NOT USE IN CATS

keratolytic

keratoplastic

degreasing, antifungal

DO NOT USE IN CATS

head and shoulders, selsun blue

keratolytic

antimicrobial

degreasing

follicular flushing

dying - contact dermatitis if > 5%

phytosphingosine

skin lipid complex

antibacterial with efficacy against gram + bacteria

ointment

penetrates granulomatous lesions

decrease severity of lesions if applied w/in12 h of lesion development

not for use on mucosal surfaces, large surface areas

antiseptic and disinfectant

effective against fungi, bacteria, viruses

3-4% needed for yeast

second in prophylactic but first for treating existing infections

non-drying

penetrates hair follicles and sebaceous glands

comparable clinical efficacy to BP in treating active infections

non-drying

1. alopecia
2. erythema
3. excoriations

1. body sites involved
2. seasonality
3. intensity
4. age of onset
5. pruritis or lesions first?
6. helpful txs

3 seasonal

6 nonseasonal causes of pruritis

1. FAD
2. atopic
3. insect bite

1. scabies
2. CAFR
3. atopic
4. flea allergy
5. 2* infections
6. demodicosis

pruritis 1st? (2 causes)

lesions 1st? (3 causes

1. allergies
2. scabies

1. demodicosis
2. dermatophytosis
3. pyoderma 2* to endocrine etc.

1. pyotraumatic dermatitis
2. intertrigo
3. mucocutaneous pyoderma

1. impetigo
2. superficial bacterial folliculitis

1. deep folliculitis and furunculosis
2. muzzle folliculitis and furunc
3. pyotraumatic foll and furunc
4. pedal follic and furunc
5. german shepherd dog pyoderma
6. cellulitis

1. demodicosis
2. dermatophytosis
3. impetigo
4. pemphigus folliaceus
5. FAD
6. sarcoptic mange

1. mucocutaneous pyoderma
2. bullous impetigo
3. superfical bacterial folliculitis
4. ALL deep pyodermas

1. penicillin
2. ampicillin/amoxicillin
3. non-potentiated sulfonamides

1. erythromycin
2. lincomycin
3. clindamycin

(potentiated sulfonamides)

1. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
2. ormetoprim-sulfamethoxine

1. keratoconjunctivitis sicca
2. multisystemic drug induced hypersensitivity
3. decreased thyroid function

1. amoxicillin trihydrate with clavulanate (clavamox)
2. cephalosporins
3. fluoroquinolones

1. primary degenerative lesions in cartilage (young dogs)*
2. seizures
3. vomitting, diarrhea
4. renal crystalluria
5. retinal degeneration in cats only*

gram + and - aerobes

mycoplasma, rickettsia

poor efficacy against anaerobes

should be used for pyodermas that are RESISTANT to other abs and deep pyodermas with scarring/fibrosis

1. doxycyline
2. chloramphenicol (aplastic anemia in humans, myositis rare in dogs)
3. clindamycine
4. erythromycin
5. potentiated sulfonamides
6. fluoroquinolones +/-

1. cephalexin
2. clavamox

full dose, pulse therapy if pyoderma returns >1wk

daily or EOD suboptimal if pyderma w/in 1wk

1. imidacloprid
2. fipronil
3. selamectin
4. metaflumizone
5. dinotefuran/permethrin/pyriproxifen
6. nitenpyram
7. spinosad/spinetoram

• adulticide used for environmental flea control
• viscous non polar compounds
• derived from chrysanthemum
• quick activity little residual
• rapidly inactivated by UV light
• low mammalian toxicity, relatively safe for cats/young

1. permethrin

• adulticide used for environmental flea control
• more stable, higher potentcy than pyrethrins
• quick kill, stable in UV light
• high concentrations toxic to cats (>0.1%)

1. methoprene (sensitive to UV light)
2. pyriproxyfen (stable in UV light)

• inhibition of flea development (IDI) for 30 d post admin
• orally with a meal q 30 d; 6mo injectable for cats
• drug distributed from bloodstream to adipose tissue and back to bloodstream
• must be admin to all pets well before flea season
• NO BENEFIT for FAD animals unless used with adulticide

Sentinel

lufenuron + milbemycin oxime

• dogs only
• heartworm, hookworm, whipworm, roundworm
• monthly
• flavor tablet

• adulticide
• applied topically monthly
• translocates over body w/no systemic absorption
• kill adult fleas w/in 12 hours, kills any reinfesting fleas w/in 2 hours

• synthetic pyrethroid
• adulticide
• activity against ticks
• TOXIC TO CATS

• flea adulticide
• phenylpyrazole
• concentrated in sebaceous secretions, slowly released
• fleas, flea larva, ticks
• kill adult fleas in 24 hours

• flea adulticide
• transdermally absorbed, circulaes in bloodstream, concentrates in sebaceous glands, stored as reservoir
• efficacy: fleas, heartworms, ear mites
• sarcoptic mange and ticks in dogs
• hookworm and roundworm in cats
• kills fleas in dogs in 36 h
• kills fleas in cats in 24 h
• larvicidal, ovicidal

• flea adulticide
• kills fleas in 48 hours on dogs and cats
• ovicidal
• rare reports of pemphigus-like drug rxns in dogs

• kills adult fleas in 6 hours in dogs and cats

• begins killing fleas in 30 mins
• >90% effective against adult fleas w/in 4 hours on dogs, 6 hours on cats
• drug eliminated in 24 hours
• can be admin daily
• use with IGR/IDI

• admin with food; vomiting common side effect
• starts killing fleas w/in 30 mins
• ovicidal
• DOGS ONLY
• do no use in epileptic dogs, breeding dogs or with extra label ivermectin

sarcoptes scabiei var canis

anatomy

• 2 pairs short legs anterior - long unjointed stalks with suckers
• 2 pairs rudimentary legs posterior - do not extend beyond border of the body

sarcoptes scabiei var canis

life cycle

• 12-21 days - spent on host
• egg-larva-nymph-adult
• tunnels, molting pockets in SC; can back out of tunnel
• following infection, mites mate on host's skin
• female may reach SS when making tunnel for eggs

sarcoptes scabiei var canis

clinical signs

papules, crusts, scales

2* alopecia, lichenification, hyperpigmentation from self-trauma

sarcoptes scabiei var canis

5 treatments

1. only FDA approved: selamectin (Revolution); apparently safe for white footed breeds
2. extralabel: ivermectin (1%); white feed don't treat;MDR1 (ABCB1) gene that prevents from metabolizing
3. extralabel: 0.25% fipronil spray
4. extralabel: 10% imidicloprid + 2.5% moxidectin (Advantage Multi); NOT IN CATS
5. topical dips: lime sulfur; safe for youg, sick, debilitated pets

notoedres cati

anatomy

• medium length unjointed sucker-bearing stalks on legs
• DORSALLY located anus in N. cati

notoedres cati

lifecycle

• 17-21 days
• survives off host for a few days
• fairly host specific, but transient lesions in humans

notoedres cati

lesions

• erythematous papular eruptions on medial pinnae
• papules may have well-defined center --> mite burrowing
• develop thick crusts (notoedric "helmet")
• self-trauma --> excoriations, alopecia, lichenification

notoedres cati

3 treatments

* no FDA approved vet. products specifically licensed for tx of scabies

1. topical dips: lime sulfur; safest dip for young, sick, debilitated patients
2. extralabel use: selamectin (revolution)
3. 10% imidicloprid + 1% moxidectin (advantage Multi for cats)

cheyletiellosis

anatomy

• SURFACE dwelling mite, non-burrowing
• large, saddle shaped
• prominent hook-like accessory mouth parts
• all 4 pairs of legs extend beyond body, bear terminal combs, not claws

cheyletiellosis

contagious

• NOT HOST SPECIFIC
• may travel to various species including humans; humans in contact have papular pruritic dermatitis but no tx necessary bc cannot reproduce

cheyletiellosis

life cycle

• 21-42 days - spent on host
• egg-larva-nymph-adult cycle
• female mites can live free off hosts for as long as 10 days!

cheyletiellosis

lesions

• variable pruritis; absent to intense
• dorsal truncal distribution typically
• papules, crusts and excessive scaling

cheyletiellosis

diagnosis

• direct examination w magnifying glass
• acetate tape prep***
• flea comb; brush onto dark background
• therapeutic trial
• owner complains of bites
• definititive: FIND THE MITE

cheyletiellosis

6 treatments

1. lime sulfur
2. fipronil
3. selamectin (revolution)
4. imidacloprid + moxidectin
5. ivermectin 1%
6. milbemycin oxime (interceptor)

1. lamellar: laminated phospholipid; extruded into intercellular space; mortar
2. keratohyalin: dense stellate, histadine-rich, fibrous proteins (filaggrin); provide cross linking

1. vitamin A
2. Zn
3. Cu

• deficiency leads to hyperkeratosis, increased proliferation, disordered maturation, follicular plugs, incompetent barrier, 2* bacterial infection, defective wool, etc

1. tyrosinase: key enzyme
2. Cu: an important co-factor

1. anchoring fibrils
2. dermal microfibril bundles

1. mechanobullous dzs: genetic defects in anchoring fibrils; junctional epidermolysis bullosa; abnormal fibrils, incompetent attachment, mild shear force, full thickness separation of epi from dermis
2. immune Rs v bm proteins; Igs fix complement, incite inflammation, degrade proteins; systemic/discoid lupus

1. anagen: growth
2. catagen: transition
3. telogen: resting

Holocrine secretion - cells die!

1. atrophy
2. sebacious adenitis: characterized by hyperkeratosis
3. adenomas

merocrine secretion - cells don't die

1. hidradenitis: inflammation caused by bacteria
2. ceruminous adenitis/otitis externa
3. sweat gland neoplasms
4. apocrine gland carcinoma of anal sac

1. physical barrier: sebum/sweat; antimicrobial factors; inhibit loss of internal resources
2. photo-protective barrier
3. thermoregulation: 75% of heat loss via skin
4. immune defense: langerhans cells; keratinocytes; SALT; capillary plexus
5. storage: energy, Vit D, water
6. sensory perception

increased thickness of SC with retention of nuclei;

caused by Vit A or Zn deficiency

thickening of the stratum spinosum

implies hyperplasia of epi

rete ridges form: extend down into dermis

PSORIASIS HYPERPLASIA (uneven border)

hyperplasia with long rete ridges and x-links;

diagnostic feature of lick granulomas in dogs

collagen degeneration;

major basic protein secretion from eosinophils

one ofmost common patterns of dermatitis seen in vet med; acute inflammatory cells accum. around superficial and mid dermal vessels; often dermal edema

one of most common presentations for allergies and ectoparasites

1. body sites involved
2. seasonality
3. intensity
4. age of onset
5. pruritis or lesions first?
6. helpful treatments

1. scabies
2. FAD
3. CAFR