cranial nerve group:

 •Branchial arch nerves

cranial nerve group:

 •Efferent only (cf. ventral roots of spinal nerves)

cranial nerve group:

Arch 1: Meckel’s cartilage forms the mandible, malleus and incus (ear bones derived from amniote jaw bones).

Arch 2: Reichert’s cartilage forms the stylohyoid ligament, styloid process, stapes (another ear bone), and part of the hyoid

Arch 3: The cartilage in this arch forms part of the hyoid, particularly the greater horn and much of the body

Arch 4: This cartilage forms both the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

Rothkin's pouch

it grows into the pituitary gland (anterior part), pons, and medulla

the neurocranium is formed by endochondral ossification

the mandible, maxilla, frontal, parietal, and occipital bones ossify through intrachondral(intramembranous) ossification

they are by the heart at the anterior part of the skull and wrap around to form the face

each contains an artery, vein, nerve, cartilage, and a muscle unit

thickened area of ectoderm that are specialized and found between the neural crest and future epidermis

they are have the potential to generate elements of the sensory PNS, or other otic, nasstructures

3 preotic somites (III, IV, VI); make up muscles of the eyes

4 postotic somites (XI, XII); muscles innervated by accessory and tongue

the floor of the maxillary bone

the contents can herniate into the maxillary sinus

pretty good prognosis

the inability to close the eye via the orbicularis oculi (CN7)

think 7 like a hook pulling lid shut

opening the eye lids (CN III)

think III like a pillar

originates from the lesser wing of the sphenoid

the orbital part for tight closure

the palpebral part for blinking

ocularmotor palsy. (CN III) 

may have blown out pupil

ptosis due to the levator palpebrae superioris being affected

what is Bielschowsky’s Sign

they have a projection on them called a kinocilium and it bends from side to side

when it bends to one side, an efferent synapse (inhibitory) is activated while an afferent (sensory) synapse can be activated in the other direction

there is fluid in the ampullae which house the hair cells and it has its own interia.  this movement of the fluid over the kinocilium is what triggers the impulse

another way by which this occurs is when an "otolith" slides downhill from head rocking and disturbs the hair fibers

Stapes, Oval window, incus

incus and malleous= first arch

stapes= second arch

above= greater petrosal VII

below= chorda tympani of VII

head grows tall bc A/P growth is inhibited.

turricephaly/oxycephaly

no, just soft tissue damage which can rupture the cerebral veins.

in an epidural hematoma, the meninges is ruptured often by bone

subarachnoid hemorrhages may be from a aneurysm

goes through the base of the maxillary sinus

-inferior border of the periform apperature

-superior to the roots of the teeth

GVE

oculomotor nerve which services the CILLIARY GANGLION (sphincter pupillae and ciliaris muscles)

GVE

the glassopharyngeal nerve which innervates the

Otic (parotid gland)

GVE

the facial nerve which services the Submandibular (submandibular gland and sublingual gland)

GVE

the facial nerve which services the Ptergopalatine (nasal stuff, lacrimal gland, pharynx, hard palate)

-ciliary ganglion

-front nerve

-nasociliary nerve

-lacrimal nerve

-supratrochlear (branch of frontal)

-infratrochlear (branch of nasociliary)

-ethmoidal anterior and posterior (branch of nasociliary)

areas affected by V2

trigem gang -> foramen rotunda -> petryopalantine fossa -> infraorbital foramen

-internal nasal branches of infra-orbital nerve

-nasopalantine nerve

-posterior inferior and superior lateral nasal nerves

-nasal branch of anterior superior alveolar nerve

carries POSTganglionic PARAsympathetics to maxillary sinus, palate, and nasal cavity (probably because it merges with fascial)

move the mandible

the lateral pterygoid is one of the few that is actually capable of depressing the mandible

attaches to the handle of the malleus and stapedius and connects to the neck of the stapes

primary fxn is to dampen sound levels

cleft=ear canal

pouch=auditory tube

what are the main contents of the posterior vertebral triangle of the neck?

what are the boundaries?

-external jugular vein and cutaneous nerve

-transverse cervical and suprascapular vein

-subclavian artery with branches

-accessory nerve

-brachial plexus

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trap

sternocleiodo

clavicle

because it leads all the way down to the diagphragm and any infection could be catastrophic

the preverterbral fascia is made up of two anterior layers to the verterbrae while the 3rd space in continuous with the mediastinum

CN IX

controls gag reflex (oropharynx)

sensory to corotid sinus

Tensor – V
palate – X
gloss - XII

V3 because it's actually the floor of the oral cavity.  depresses jaw

have to be careful though because tooth roots go below the myelohyoid line and an infection could cause an endocarditis

genioglossus does what?

styloglossus

hyoglossus

platoglossus

protracts tongue

retracts tongue

depress tongue

depresses soft palate

stylopharyngeus (IX)

palatopharyngeus (X)

salpingophayngeus (X)

what can be found Between superior and middle constrictors = Gateway to the mouth

Gag reflex

the sphincter pupillae.  the dialator pupillae opens the pupil, but it is controlled by SYMPATHETICS.

david bowie's sphincter pupillae (the antagonist) does not fxn

the sphincter pupillae.  the dialator pupillae opens the pupil, but it is controlled by SYMPATHETICS.

david bowie's sphincter pupillae (the antagonist) does not fxn

unopposed action of sphincter pupillae, resulting in an abnormally constricted pupil

loss of heat induced sweating