Three regions of the kidney? 

Renal sinus, medulla, cortex 

Components of Renal Sinus? 

Renal pelvis

Major calyces

Minor calyces

Arteries, veins and nerves

Connective tissue 

Collecting tubules

Loops of Henle

Insterstitium (contains vasa recta) 

Difference between a renal lobe and a renal lobule? 

Lobe: single medullary pyramid and surrounding cortical labyrinth tissue

Lobule: area of cortex; medullary ray and associated cort. labyrinth; collecting tubules and all the nephrons draining into them

Functional unit of kidney and its parts: 

Uriniferous tubule

 -made up of nephron and collecting tubule

-Nephron made up of:

renal corpuscle

proximal convoluted tubule

proximal straight (descending) limb

curvature of loop of Henle

Distal (straight) ascending limb

distal convoluted tubule (contains macula densa) 

Vascular pole vs. Urinary pole 

vascular pole is part of renal corpuscle where blood vessels enter and exit

urinary pole is part of corpuscle where urinary filtrate drains from it 

what force is responsible for filtration in the glomerulus? 

hydrostatic pressure of blood in glomerular capillaries 

Describe the capsule (balloon) surrounding the glomerulus (fist) 

Consists of two layers of epithelium;

inner visceral layer made up of podocytes (relatively large cuboidal cells with pedicel processes);

outer (parietal) layer composed of simple squamous epithelium;

potential space between two layers called capsular lumen or urinary space 

Describe the formation of the initial urinary filtrate

filtrates from blood pass through:

1. fenestrated glomerular endothelium (lacks diaphragms)

2. basement membrane - lamina densa sandwiched between 2 layers of lamina lucida

3. filtration slits (slit pores) - narrow openings between adjacent pedicels with thin diaphragm coverings

-PODOCYTE CELL BODY NOT PART OF FILTRATION BARRIER 

Most coiled region of uriniferous tubule 

proximal convoluted tubule 

organelles involved in reabsorption and digestion of protein from urine: what are they and where are they located 

Pinocytotic vesicles and lysosomes

found in the proximal convoluted tuble immediately beneath the brush-bordered apical cell membrane

-saturation of mechanism results in proteinuria 

By what mechanisms does ATII elevate blood pressure? 

1. constricts smooth muscle in walls of arteriole

2. stimulation of zona glomerulosa to release aldosterone

3. stimulation of ADH secretion and thirst

4. enhances NaCl resorption from proximal tubule 

Signficance of juxtaglomerular complex? 

important in maintenance of blood pressure 

What part of nephron does aldosterone influence? 

distal convoluted tubule

- small amounts of NaCl absorbed here, and other ions, including K+ which may be secreted depending on conditions 

What part(s) of nephron runs through medulla? 

 Loop of Henle 

- Bowman's capsule and convoluted tubules in cortex 

Tissue osmolarity _________ from cortex to inner medulla.

A. increases

B. decreases

C. stays the same 

A. increases 

Where in the kidney does ADH exert the most influence? 

In the collecting tubules  

-ADH increases permeability of urea and increases water absorption 

If the kidney were considered a gland, what kind of gland would it be? 

compound tubular

(if it were an animal it would be an ostrich) 

What kinds of small molecules make up the filtrate? 

ions (Na+, Ca2+, K+, Cl-, etc.)

amino acids

glucose

H2O 

Area of kidney where artery enters and ureter and veins leave 

hilum 

Arrange in order of urinary exretion pathway:

ureter, major calyces, pelvis, minor calyces, bladder, papilla 

papilla } minor calyces } major calyces } pelvis } ureter} bladder 

} = drains into 

What part of Loop of Henle is impermeable to water and urea? 

thick portion of ascending limb

-absorbs NaCl from tubular fluid using NaCl pumps, thus known as "diluting segment"

What fibrous connective tissue supports the glomerular capillaries, is found within the renal corpuscle, but IS NOT part of filtration apparatus? 

Mesangium 

True or False:

Materials passing from blood directly into the capsular lumen do not pass through the mesangium.

True 

True or False:

Mesangial cells secrete matrix, are phagocytic, and are also contractile 

True 

Where in the distal tubule are epithelial cells tall and their nuclei most closely packed? 

macula densa 

True or False:

Loop of Henle has a different embryologic origin than rest of nephron 

False

- collecting tubule has different embryologic origin than the nephron 

Where is most of the Na+ absorbed in the nephron? 

In the proximal convoluted tubule

(small amount absorbed in distal conv.tubule)