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Dental Histology - Blood
Exam 2
38
Medical
Professional
10/05/2008

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Term
How much blood in average adult?
Definition
6 liters
Term

Cellular Elements of Blood

Liquid Component  

Definition
Cellular Elements:               Liquid Component:
    Erythrocytes                        Plasma
    Leukocytes
    Platelets 
Term
Serum
Definition

Leftover liquid after clotted cells are extracted

 

(blood removed from circulation will clot) 

Term

Spinning in a centrifuge

 

(the 3 layers) 

Definition

Draw blood, introduce anticoagulents, and spin

 

Produces 3 layers:

1. Upper = plasma appearing as clear, yellow-tinged     liquid

2. Middle "buffy coat" = contains leukocytes,                 white-gray color, 1% of total blood volume

3. Lower = erythrocytes; erythrocytes per volume of     blood = hematocrit (40-50% men; 35-45%                 women), 1,000 times as many erythrocytes as         leukocytes

Term
Blood Functions
Definition
Transport:
    O2, CO2, metabolites, nutrients, waste products to     be expelled, leukocytes to injuries/infections 
 
Acts as a buffer
 
Thermoregulation
 
Coagulation 
Term
Plasma
Definition
-solution with substances of varying molecular weight (accounts for 10% of total volume)
    -plasma proteins
    -salts
    -hormones
    -amino acids
-gives rise to interstital fluid of connective tissue 
Term
Plasma Proteins
Definition
Albumin - maintains osmotic balance
            - acts as carrier protein
Alpha, Beta, Gamma Globulins
Lipoproteins
Coagulation Proteins 
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
-anucleate
-stain bright red with H& E
-contain abundent hemoglobin in cytoplasm
-lifespan 120 days
-flexible due to membrane protein, spectrin 
Term
Spectrin
Definition

Membrane protein which strengthens membrane by linking it to cytoskeleton, enabling significant changes in cell shape without damaging it

 

Responsible for flexibility of erythrocytes 

Term
Erythrocyte Concentrations
Definition

differ according to gender

usually 4.9 - 6.0 million/uL

 

 

Term
Hemoglobin
Definition

-1/3 of cytoplasm consists of hemoglobin

 

-a protein that carries and releases either O2 or CO2, allowing for gas transport 

Term
Erythrocyte Breakdown
Definition

-most broken down and phagocytosed by macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow

 

-a few (10%) break down within blood stream 

Term
Leukocytes
Definition

-involved in cellular and humoral immunity against pathogens and foreign substances

 

-found in circulation or within tissues

 

-leave by diapedesis or ameboid movement through tissues or chemotaxis following chemical concentration gradient

 

-divided into two classes

granulocytes and agranulocytes 

Term
Granulocytes (leukocytes)
Definition

-contains 2 types of granules

        specific and azurophilic

-granules contain numerous enzymes 

 

General Features:

    nuclei with 2 or more lobes, terminal cells with a     short lifespan, few mitochondria 

 

Consist of:

    neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils 

Term
Agranulocytes (leukocytes)
Definition
no specific granules (only azuriphilic)
 
General Features:
    rounded or indented nuclei
 
Consists of:
    lymphocytes, monocytes 
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
-60-70% of leukocytes in circulation
-contain nuclei with 2-5 lobes connected by bridges
-metabolism allows them to survive in anearobic             cellular environment such as areas of infection or     inflammation
 
Lifespan:
-6-7 hour half-life in circulation
-1-4 days in tissue (after which undergo apoptosis)
Term
Barr Body (neutrophils)
Definition

In females

 

Inactivated X xhromosome may be visualized as a small outpocketing of the nucleus known as a Barr Body 

Term
Specific (secondary) Granules of Neutrophils
Definition

Contain:

-type IV collagenase 

-phospholipase

-complement activators

-lysozyme 

Term
Azurophilic (primary) Granules of Neutrophils
Definition

Contain:

-myeloperoxidase

-defensins 

Term
Tertiary Granules of Neutrophils
Definition
contain compounds which facilitate migration with connective tissue
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
-2-4% of leukocytes
-same size as neutrophils
-nilobed nucleous
-cytoplasm has numerous lare, brightly eosinophilic         refractile granules
Term
Eosinophils Granules Functions
Definition

Contain:

1. large amounts of major basic protein and other proteins which play large role in destroying antibody-coated parasites

 

2. histaminase - neutralizes histamine activity

 

3. collagenase - degrades collagen 

Term
Other Eosinophil Functions
Definition
-digest antigen-antibody complexes
-modulate inflammatory processes (inactivate             chemical mediators via azurophilic granules)
 
 
Term
Eosinophil Activity
Definition

-increase during allergic reactions and parasite infestations

 

lifespan in blood = 10-14 days 

Term
Basophils
Definition
-less than 1% of leukocytes
-same size as neutrophils
-irregular lobed nucleous that is obscured by                 cytoplasmic granules 
-function similarly to mast cells
        initiation of inflammatory reaction, vasodilation,         and endothelial permeability
-play a role in anaphylaxis
-unknown lifespan
 
Term
Cell Membranes of Basophils
Definition
-contain receptors for Fc portion of IgE
-possess CD40L which interacts with CD40 on surface        of B lymphocytes = stimulation of IgE production
-basophils bind to Ige => corresponding antigen                stimulates release of contents of specific                granules  
Term
Basophil Granules
Definition
Specific Granules: 
           contain histamine and SRS-A, which causes                vasodilation during inflammatory reaction
           stain a deep blue color
 
Azurophilic Granules:
           contain lysosomal enzymes
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
-20-25% of leukocytes
-range in size --> most are small
    (related to function or activation)
-rounded of slightly indented nuclei
-thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm
    (contain ribosomes, mitochondria, and azurophilc     granules) 
-ONLY ONE capable of returning to circulation after         entering tissues
-variable lifespan (days to years) 
Term
Lymphocytes Functions
Definition
Protection of the organism against viruses, tumor cells, and foreign compounds
Term
Monocytes
Definition
-3-8% of leukocytes
-range in size 12-20um
-rounded, indented, or horseshoe shaped nucleus
-basophilic nucleous with finely dispesed azurophilic       granules 
-lifespan in blood = 4-7 days 
Term
Monocytes Function
Definition

Non-terminal precursors to many types of tissue macrophages

     -differentiation occurs after the monocyte leave             the circulation

 

Fully functioning cells serve as antigen-presenting cells

 

Engulf and degrade foreign material, pathogens, and dead cells 

Term

Platelets (thrombocytes)

 

the 4 zones 

Definition
-fragments of larger cells (megakaryocytes) which break off of the larger cell along platelet demarcation channels 
-lifespan = 10 days 
 
Seperated into
1. peripheral zone
2. structural zone
3. organelle zone
4. membrane zone 
Term
Platelet Peripheral Zone
Definition
-consits of:
    cell membrane
    outer glycocalyx
            contains:
               coagulation factors
                integral membrane glycoprotein receptors 
Term
Platelet Structural Zone
Definition
Contains:
    microtubules
    actin filaments
    actin binding proteins
    myosin
 
This network maintains the platelets shape 
Term
Platelet Organelle Zone
Definition
-found at the platelets center
-contains:
    mitochondria, peroxisomes, 3 types of granules
        -alpha granules
            contain: fibrinogen and coagulation factors
            function: 1st phase of blood vessel repair                           and coagulation
        -beta granules
            function: platelet adhesion and                                          vasoconstriction
        -gamma granules
            similar to lysosomes
            function: clot resorption
Term
Platelet Membrane Zone
Definition
-consists of 2 types of membrane channels
    1. remnant of platelet demarcation channels
    2. seqesters calcium ions to help regulate the             platelets calcium homeostasis 
Term
Platelet Functions
Definition
-homeostasis
-plugging disruptions in vessel walls
-liberating factors to promote platelet adhesion,             aggregation, and formation of fibrin-based clot 
Term
Platelet Derived Growh Factor
Definition
-found in alpha granules 
-stimulates mitosis in smooth muscle cells and                 fibroblasts --> encourages tissue repair
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