High [BMP] gives rise to:

a-Adipocyte

b-Osteocyte

c-Smooth muscle cell

b-Osteocytes are converted from fibroblasts by High BMP. Note High BMP also gives rise to Chondrocytes. 

Low [BMP] gives rise to:

a-Osteocyte

b-Adipocyte

c-Smooth muscle cell

________ forms directly from mesenchymal cells w/o cartilage template

a-endochondral 

b-intramembranous

c-periosteum

d-none of the above

b-intramembranous bone forms directly from mesenchymal cells and is vascularized. 

Bone Morphogenic protein is a _____ signal

a-neurocrine

b-paracrine

c-endocrine

d-autocrine

Osteoclasts lineage stem from

a-myeloid stem cells

b-pluripotent hematopoietic Stem Cell

c-T-cells

d-GM-CFC

a-myeloid stem cells &

b-pluripotent hematopoietic Stem

M-CSF, PTH, IL1, & vit.D are all needed to produce:

a-osteoblasts

b-osteocytes

c-osteoclasts

d-all of the above

c-osteoclasts, 

Root completion on deciduous teeth is ________ and permanent is ________

a-5months & 2years

b-15 months & 4years

c-19 months & 3years

d-18 months & 3years

What type of collagen is PDL composed of:

a-1

b-1&2

c-3&4

d-1&4

e-1&3

Alkaline phosphatase is the hallmark of ____________.

I am a disease typified by craniofacial lesions and deformities. I am...

a-Rickets 

b-Hypophosphatasia 

c-Paget's disease

I am a disease typified by enlarged pulp chambers. I am...

a-Rickets 

b-Hypophosphatasia 

c-Paget's disease

I am a disease typified by loss of primary teeth prematurely. I am...

a-Rickets 

b-Hypophosphatasia 

c-Paget's disease

b-Hypophosphatasia, which cause lack of PDL binding to cementum(b/c no cementum). 

________ is the protein focus of Dentinogenesis Imperfecta (DGI)

a-collagen

b-Fibrilin

c-Elastin

d-dentin sialophosphoprotein

50S and 30S subunits is indicative of what type of ribosome?

What two enzyme are vital for the fidelity of protein synthesis?

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase is important for activating amino acid and tranfering it to the 3'OH end.

The 1st step of Elongation is Amino Acid-tRNA binding, 2nd=Peptidyl Transfer, and 3rd =Translocation. 

What drug class inhibits binding of AA-tRNA to A site?

In elongation, what drug inhibits translocation?

Translocation is inhibited by Erythromycin/Clindamycin which targets 50s inhibiting translocation. 

Termination consists of termination and release of polypeptide. 

Termination is produced by reading termination sequences UAG, UAA, or UGA, 2nd-release factor binds to a stop codon releasing the polypeptide, 3rd-complex dissociates.

How much does it cost to produces 1 amino acid compared to an average protein?

Early onset of cataract syndrome and serum ferritin is indicative of what diagnosis?

Protein synthesis is down-regulated at the level of the supply of initiator Met-tRNAi how?

This occurs only in Eukaryotes, prokaryotes events occur in the opposite direction. 

Fibril forming collagen is found in which type?

Skin, bone, tendon, blood vessels, and cornea compose which type of collagen?

Cartilage, intervertebral disk, and vitreous body forms?

Type 3 collagen forms fetal skin.

What collagen compose basement membrane?

Intrachain, false the disulfide bond forms at C-terminal propeptide extension. 

Collagen is on one gene.

The structure of collagen is composed of amino acids _______, _______, _______.

Pro-alpha 1 and pro-alpha 2 are the 1st genes transcribed into mRNA.

Which Hydoxylated amino acid residues are glycosylated with glucose and galactose?

The signal sequence of prepro-alpha-peptide mRNA is removed in the:

a-Nucleus

b-Cytoplasm

c-Golgi aparatus

d-Endoplasmic Reticulum

True/False procollagen is cleaved before being secreted from ER?

Only in regions with gaps are where heavy staining seen.

Vitamin C and Fe+2 is required by which process in collagen synthesis?

Hydroxylation of proline requires the cofactors:

a-alpha Ketogluterate

b-Oxygen

c-Ascorbate

d-Fe+2

e-all of the above

T/F lysyl hydroxylase and prolyl hydroxylase requires the same cofactors?

Tell me which is the correct steps of collagen synthesis?

a-, Pro-alpha chain, Hydroxyprolyl residue, Prolyl residue

b-Prolyl residue, Pro-alpha chain, Hydroxylation step

c-Prolyl residue, Hydroxylation step, Pro-alpha chain

c-Prolyl residue,Hydroxylation step, Pro-alpha chain.

Scurvy is considered a mild disease because?

OI is a result of what genetic change?

What is the microscopic consequence of genetic mutation of COL1A2 & COL1A1?

False it has little hydroxyproline and no hydroxylysine.

Mutation in ______ is responsible for Marfan Syndrome:

a-Lysine

b-collagen

c-elastin

d-fibrillin

A deletion of chromosome 15 would affect which connective tissue?

Desmosine cross-link is seen seen in which connective tissue type?

a-collagen

b-elastin

c-fibrillin

d-proline

Hepatic Jaundice is indicated by:

a-Acute Hemolytic anemia

b-Neoplasms

c-Neonatal physiological juandice

d-Disease like Gilberts disease. 

In sickle cell valine is substituted for: 

a-glycine

b-glutamine

c-glutamate

d-arginine 

Cementum is composed of 45% inorganic, 33% protein, and 22% water.

Enamel is composed of (5 %) Ameloblastin, amelogenin,enamelins, Tuftelins, 95% inorganic and less than 1% water.

Pre-odontoblasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, T-lymphocytes are found in what type of oral tissue? 

A)Odontoblasts

B)Osteoclasts  

 C)Both            

D)Amelogenin 

     E) All of the above

        F)None of the above

F), Circumpulpal mineralization is controlled by Phosphophoryns, which is from the class of HP highly phosphorylated proteins synthesized by Odontoblasts. 

Tuftelin is all except: 

a-formed shortly during amelogenesis

b-acidic glycoprotein that's phosphorylated

c-Ends mineralization during tooth development

Hydroxyapatite binds to:

a-ameloblastin

b-Amelogenin

c-FGF beta

d-Osteopontin

e)enamelin

Southern blotting is used to detect and measure Nucleic acid(DNA), the steps 1)Cleave DNA w/ restriction enzymes, 2)Run DNA through Gel electrophoresis, 3)transfer to Nitocellulose paper via filter paper and alkaline solution, 4)Hybradize Nitrocellulose DNA transfer with radiographicly labelled DNA or RNA probe. 5)Develop Autoradiograph

commonly used in id sickle cell anemia.

One structural feature of Chylomicron remnants is the lack of Apo E, and ApoB-48.

Where are chylomicrons, VLDLs, and HDLs assembled:

a-gut lumen

b-cytoplasm

c-intestine & liver

d-liver and kidney

Proteoglycans consist of 

a-glycoproteins

b-glycosaminoglycans/mucopolysaccharides

c-fructose

d-extended glucose

Stuctural components of the ECM are usually:

a-Glycosaminoglycans 

b-Proteoglycans

c-Glycoproteins

d-protein

How are carbohydrates attached to proteins in glycoproteins?

_____________ is a glycosidic link between galactose/glucose & the OH group of hydroxylysine. 

a-N-glycosidic link 

b-O-glycosidic link

_____________ is a glycosidic link between N-acetylgalactosamine & serine / threonine.

a-N-glycosidic link 

b-O-glycosidic link

_____________ is a glycosidic link between N-acetylglucosamine & asparagine.

a-N-glycosidic link 

b-O-glycosidic link

_________ are polyanionic .

a-proteoglycans 

b-galactosamines

c-Glycosaminoglycans 

d-Dipeptides.

c-Glycosaminoglycans, are polyanionic because of carboxyl and sulfate groups.

Where is the carboxyl group on glycosaminoglycans?

a-Alpha carbon

b-D-glucose 

c-D-glucuronic acid

d-L-iduronic acid

What does the repeating disaccharide motif on the glycosaminoglycan of a proteoglycan look like?

a-Glucose-glucose-mannose-serine

b-galactose-galactose-mannose serine

c-fucose-fucos-xylose-serine

d-galactose-galactose-xylose-serine

Glycosaminoglycans include all except:

a-Hyaluronic acid

b-Chondroitin sulfate

c-Dermatan sulfate 

d-Heparan sulfate

e-Heparin

f-keratan sulfate 

___________ are bound non-covalently to proteoglycan monomers.

a-Hyaluronic acid

b-Chondroitin sulfate

c-Dermatan sulfate 

d-Heparan sulfate

e-Heparin

f-keratan sulfate 

How does the glycosaminoglycan like chondroitin sulfate differ from Dermatan sulfate?

_________ is formed on dilichol pyrophosphate then transferred to a protein.  

a-glycosaminoglycans 

b-proteoglycan

c-N-linked glycoproteins

d-O-linked glycoproteins   

c-N-linked glycoproteins, are assembled on dolichol pyrophosphate and transferred to a protein. 

How are saccharide units added to glycoproteins?

a-CMP

b-UDP

c-ATP

d-AMP

How are sialic acid units added to glycoproteins?

a-CMP

b-UDP

c-ATP

d-AMP

Lysosomes degrade _______ in a last on-first off basis.

a-glycopeptidase

b-Aminoglycans

c-saccaride chains

d-peptidoglycans 

The lack of mannose 6-phosphate describes what disease?

a-Leukemia

b-IDDM1

c-I-cell disease

d-Gout

The accumulation of Heparan sulfate & Dermatan sulfate due to a deficiency in ______ result in _____ syndrome. 

a-iduronate sulfatase, Sanfilipo's syndrome

b-L-iduronidase, Hunter's syndrome

c-Hydrolase, Hurler's syndrome

d-alpha-L-iduronidase, Hurler's syndrome.

Hunter's syndrome is the result of a deficiency in ______ .

a-iduronate sulfatase

b-L-iduronidase, 

c-Hydrolase, 

d-alpha-L-iduronidase, 

This MPS is characterized by ß-Glucuronidase deficiency. 

What are the water soluble Vitamins?

a-A

b-B

c-C

d-D

e-E

What vitamin has the highest daily requirement?

a-Vitamin E

b-Ascorbic acid

c-Riboflavin

d-Thiamine

Which among these molecules are not all-trans.

a-Retinol

b-Retinal

c-Retinoic acid 

d-11-cis-retinal

What role does ß-carotene play in vitamin A formation?

a-cofactor for retinol synthesis

b-substrate for retinol synthesis

c-inhibitor of cis-retinal formation

d-stabilize opsin protein

b-substrate for retinol synthesis, ß-carotene is converted into 2retinal (all trans) by Dioxagenase

Vitamin A exists as:

a-Retinal

b-Retinoic Acid

c-Retinol

d-all of the above

e-none of the above

Light causes the transformation of vitamin A to _________.

a-11 cis-Retinol

b-11 cis-Retinoic Acid 

c-11 cis-Retinal

A defect in the Dioxagenase in Vitamin A synthesis possibly show what symptom?

a-Daytime Photobleaching 

b-Nightime photobleaching 

c-keratinization 

d-night blindness

e-Gingiva hyperplasia

Excess vegetables and liver oil would have what effect on you?

a-increase visual field

b-recupe optical power

c-toxicity

d-nothing 

Vitamin B1 = ? and is found where?

Thiamine/Vit. B1 is found in 

a-alpha-keto acids formation

b-oxidative decarboxylation

c-transketolase

d-conversion of Xylose 5-Phosphate to G3P

A deficiency of ___________ leads to 

Polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, edema, Beri Beri. 

a-Cobalamine 

b-Vitamin A

c-Vitamin C

d-Vitamin B

e-Thiamine

A deficiency of ___________ leads to 

atrophy of filliform papillae (seen as satin-like appearance of tongue), angular cheilosis. 

a-Cobalamine 

b-Vitamin A

c-Vitamin C

d-Vitamin B

e-Thiamine

Thiamine are found in:

a-Milk, liver, green vegetables

b-Legumes, meat 

c-Beans, nuts, fruits, etc

d-Liver, fish, nuts, whole grain cereals

e-Intestinal microorganisms, liver, vegetablesc-

___________ forms the molecule of Flavin mononucleotide, Flavin adedine dinucleotide.

a-Cobalamine 

b-Vitamin A

c-Vitamin C

d-Vitamin B

e-Thiamine

Vitamin B2/Riboflavin are found in:

a-Milk, liver, green vegetables

b-Legumes, meat 

c-Beans, nuts, fruits, etc

d-Liver, fish, nuts, whole grain cereals

e-Intestinal microorganisms, liver, vegetables

a-Milk, liver, green vegetables

Niacin is seen the formation of _________.

a-FAD

b-NADP

c-FMN

d-FAD

Consumption of legumes and meat would cure Pallegra, dementia and death that is seen in what Vitamin deficiency?

a-Vitamin B5

b-Vitamin B1

c-Vitamin B2

d-Vitamin B3

e-Vitamin B4

d-Vitamin B3, deficiency which lead to Niacin/Nicotinimide deficiency, as seen in a diet too rich in corn.  Oral manifestations also cause ulcerative glossitis. 

___________ serves as the coenzyme for enzymes catalyzing transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation for glycogen phosphorylase.

a-Vit.D

b-Vit.B2

c-Vit.B3

d-Vit.B6

e-Vit.B5

f-Vit.B4

Microcytic anemia & convulsions are the result of which Vitamin deficiency

a-Thiamine

b-Retinol

c-Niacin

d-Pyridoxine

e-Biotin

f-Riboflavin

d-Pyridoxine, is Vitamin B6, and when deficient cause microcytic anemia, and convulsions. 

A diet of Liver, fish, nuts and whole grains would most likely cure which deficiency disease symptom?

a-Dermatitis, convulsions, microcytic anemia

b-Pellagra & dementia

c-atrophy of filliform papillae, angular cheilosis

d-Beri-beri and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, edema

__________ facilitates covalent linkage of CO2 to lysine side chains of enzymes. 

Pantothenic Acid is part of ____________ as a cofactor.

a-cobalamine

b-Vitamin A

c-Thiamine

d-coenzyme A

e-Biotin

d-coenzyme A, where Pantothenic acid forms pantotheine, deficiency causes nausea & fatigue, is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

______________ is used in to t(x) TB, it has an antagonistic effect on Vitamin B6.

a-Pyridoxamine

b-Retinol 

c-Isoniazid

d-Niacin

e-Riboflavin 

Dihydropteroate Synthetase is inhibited by____________ preventing the production of Folic acid.

a-Methotrexate 

b-Isoniazid

c-Sulfanilamide

d-CN-

c-Sulfanilamide, inhibits Dihydropteroate Synthetase preventing Folic acid.

___________ is a vitamin consisting of Cobalt, is an important cofactor in the conversion of Homocysteine to Methionine via N5 methyltetrahydrofolate going to tetrahydrofolate. 

What is the best treatment for pernicious anemia

a-Folic acid 

b-Vit.B12

c-thiamin

d-A,B, and C

e-A&B

Which vitamins are the anti-oxidant vitamins?

a-Vitamin A, D, & E

b-Vitamin K, E, and Biotin

c-Vitamin E, ß-Carotene, and biotin

d-Vitamin C, E, an ß-Carotene

___________ regulates Ca at intestine, kidney, and bone.

a-cholecalciferol

b-Vit D

c-1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3

d-UV irradiated 7-dehydrocholesterol in skin

Tocopherol is....

a-analogous to calciferol 

b-when deficient leads to the lysis of erythrocytes.

c-a high poly unsaturated 

In sickle cell Glutamate is substituted for: 

a-glycine

b-glutamine

c-valine

d-arginine 

Hepatic Jaundice is indicated by:

a-Acute Hemolytic anemia

b-Neoplasms

c-Neonatal physiological juandice

d-Disease like Gilberts disease. 

Phosphodiester bonds 

a-5'-3'

b-3'-5'

c-both

Among the nucleotides, which compose the purines?

a-Cytosine 

b-Guanine 

c-Adenine

d-Thymadine 

_________ is the precursor for both AMP and GMP. 

a-Xanthine 

b-Cytosine

c-Hypoxanthine 

d-IMP

All of these are part of purine biosynthesis except:

a-Glutamate

b-Glycine

c-Aspartate

d-Glutamine

AMP in its feedback inhibition, acts on

a-IMP dehydrogenase 

b-Adenylosuccinase

c-Adenylosuccinate synthetase

d-Amidophosphoribosyl 

transferase

? is an anti-graft rejection drug, that uncompetitively inhibits Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase.

a-AMP

b-Tamoxafin

c-GMP

d-Mycophenolic Acid

_______ & Aspartate -->Adenine

a-Xanthine 

b-PRPP

c-Cystine 

d-Hypoxanthine

What enzymes f(x) in the salvage pathway of purine reutilization?

a-PRPP

b-APPT

c-A-PRT

d-HG-PRT

Gout is caused by lost of negative regulation...

What is the result of mutation in ADA (Adenosine Deaminase)?

a-Gout

b-pnemonia 

c-SCIDS

d-none

Lack of HG-PRT is called:

a-Gout 

b-SCID

c-Von Gierke's disease

d-Lesch Nyhan syndrome

How does the structure of Cytosine & Uracil differ?

a-C-has Two Carbonyl groups, U has one NH2 & Carbonyl group

b-C-has 1 Carbonyl groups, U has 2 NH2 & 1 Carbonyl group

c-C-has Two Carbonyl groups, U has one NH2 & Carbonyl group

d-C-has 1 Carbonyl groups and 1 NH2, U-has 2 Carbonyl groups.

What f(x)nal groups does  the structure of Thymine have:

a-1 Carbonyl & 1 NH2

b-2 Carbonyls

c-2 Carbonyls & 1 Methyl 

d-2 Carbonyls & 1COOH 

2 Carbonyls & 1COOH describe the functional groups on _______.

a-Cystine 

b-Guanine

c-Uracil

d-Orotic Acid

e-Thymine 

d-Orotic Acid has 2 Carbonyls & 1COOH functional groups. 

Where is CPS2 located?

a-Mitochondria 

b-cytosol

c-Nucleus

d-ER

Uridine 5' Monophosphate (UMP) is produced by...

a-Oratate Phosphoribosyl Transferase & Orotic Acid

b-PRPP & Orotidine 5' Phosphate decarboxylase 

c-Orotidine 5' Monophosphate & Oritidine  5' Phosphate Decarboxylase. 

d-Orotic acid & Oritidine  5' Phosphate Decarboxylase

On what enzymes are feedback inhibition exerted in the regulation of Pyrimidine biosynthesis?

a-DHO

b-ATC

c-AO

d-CPS2

e-ODC

UTP inhibits CTP2 in:

a-prokaryotes

b-eukaryotes

c-both

d-neither

Atoms on pyrimidines come from all except:

a-aspartate

b-Ribose 5-Phosphate

c-CO2

d-Glutamine

e-Glycine

CTP synthetase uses _____ & ________ to produce CTP.

a-Glutamine & UMP

b-Glutamate & UTP

c-PRPP & ATP

d-Glutamine & UTP

Ribonucleotide Reductase is inhibited by______

a-ATP

b-CMP

c-UMP

d-UDP

e-dATP

Thioredoxin is found in the active site of 

a-Thymadylate synthesis

b-Ribonucleotide Reductase

c-OTC

d-ATC

What does 5,10 methylene-tetrahydrofolate do to dUMP with the help of Thymidylate synthase?

a-Reduce dUMP

b-Oxidize dUMP

c-methylate dUMP

d-demethylate dUMP

5 FU is an anticancer drug that targets:

a-Dihydrofolate reductase 

b-Thymidylate synthase

c-Serine transhydroxymethylase

d-ATC

When the drug is more toxic to the tumor than host:

a-toxic

b-hot mess

c-selective toxicity

d-Therapeutic dose

c-selective toxicity, is when drug is more toxic to tumor than host. 

How do you calculate the Chemotherapeutic Index?

a-toxic dose/therapeutic dose

b-selective toxicity/toxic dose

c-max tolerable dose/min therapeutic dose

d-max tolerable dose/max therapeutic dose

1st-emulsified by bile salts in the intestines,

2nd-Digested by Pancreatic Lipase & Colipase, which convert Triacylglycerol into Fatty Acid & 2-Monoacyglycerol(2-MG). 

3rd-FA & 2-MG in Bile salts micelle transporting them to Nasent chylomicrons in the intestine.

4th-Nasent Chylomicron w/apoB, TG & Phospholipids enter lymph, then the blood stream. 

Acyl carrier protein is part of what process?

a-gluconeogenesis

b-cholesterol synthesis

c-fatty acid synthesis

d-bilirubin degredation

NADP+ gets its reducing power from NADH produced in glycolysis,

2-from Hexose Monophosphate shunt pathway where G6P + NADP+ ---> 6-Phosphogluconate + NADPH,

3. 6-Phosphogluconate + NADP+ --> Ribulose-5-phosphate + NADPH.

4. Malate + NADP+ --->Pyruvate + NADPH

On phosphatidyl compounds Phospholipases selectively hydrolyze:

a-ethers 

b-esters

c-Carbonyls 

d-aldehyde groups 

CDP on either _________ or ________

activates either and promotes ________.

This phospholipase acts on phosphatidylinositol releasing arachidonic acid, is rich in pancreatic secretions, requires trypsin & bile for activity, inhibited by glucocorticoids. It is:

a-Phospholipase A1

b-Phospholipase D

c-Phospholipase A2

d-Phospholipase C