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evolution
(according to Darwin) |
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| descent with modifications. |
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| remnants or traces of organisms from the past. |
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| Cuvier's theory that change/differences in species of today & past where due to a series of sudden mechanisms not operating today. |
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| Charles Lyell's theory adapted from James Hutton that mechanisms of change was constant and over time.(contrary to catastrophism) |
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| characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in certain areas. |
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| process in which Individuals with more suitable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than individuals with other traits |
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| similaritiews due to common ancestry |
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| selecting and breed individuals to acheive a desired trait. |
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| structures in different species acquired from a common ancestor. |
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| remnant structures of ancestor that was once in important but now bares no significance |
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| a diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among organisms. |
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| independent evolution of similar features in different lineages due to same environmental pressures. |
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| structures similar due to convergent evolution |
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| geographic distribution of species(evidence:evolution) |
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| slow movement of earth's continents overtime |
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| the uniting of the continents into a whole land mass.(250mya) |
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| indigenous to a confined area |
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| process in which one species splits into two or more species |
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| changes overtime in the gene pool of a population |
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| broad pattern of evolution over a long time span |
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| Latin for "kind" or "appearance" |
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| biological species concept |
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Definition
| defines a species as members who can interbreed and produce viable offsprings, but do not with members of another species |
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| factors(barriers) that impede members of two different species from producing viable,fertile offsprings |
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"before the zygote" isolation that block's the two species from even mating
Habitat isolation, Temporal Isolation, Behaivioral Isolation,Mechaniccal Isolation |
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"after the zygote" barriers that keep the hybrid from reproducing viable offsprings.
Reduced Hybrid fertility, reduced Hybrid viability,Hybrid Breakdown |
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| Morphological species concept |
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Definition
characterizes species according to physical features.
asexual and sexual organisms
subjective |
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| Ecological species concept |
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characterizes species to how members interact with their environment, living and nonliving
asexual and sexual |
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| Phylogenetic species concept |
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defines species as smallest group of individuals to share a common ancestor.
degree of difference (con.) |
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| "other homeland" speciation that occurs due to a population divide
into a geographically isolated subpopulation |
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Sympatric speciation
examples/causes |
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Definition
greek for "together family". speciation that occurs in populations that live in the same area.
polyploidy,habitat differentiation, and sexual selection |
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| species that originates from an accident during cell division |
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| individual with more than two sets of chromosomes all derived from one species |
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| an hybrid offspring from two different species that can asexually reproduce forming it's own species but cannot interbreed with either parent species. |
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| pattern of evolution over a large time scale. |
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| a collection of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by membrane like structure |
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| Technique for detecting fossil age. |
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| The time required for 50% of the parent isotope to decay |
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Having four limbs(foots).
Humans, reptiles, amphibians |
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Time Record divide into three eons:
Archean, Proterozoic,
Phanerozoic: paleozoic, Mesozoic,Cenozoic |
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| layered rocks formed when prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together. |
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Hyp. that small prokaryotes began living in bigger cells.
(mitochondria and plastids) |
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sequence of endosymbiotic events
(hyp. to support how mitochondria evolved before plastids). |
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| period in which fossils of current phyla of living animals appear suddenly during Cambrian period (535-525). |
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| disciplined focus on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships. |
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| the evolutionary history of a species or a group of species |
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| the naming and classification of organisms |
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The two system naming and classification of organisms
Genus :
First part of the binomial classification of an animal
ex: Panthera pardus(tiger)
Species:
second part of the binomial classification of an animal
ex: Panthera pardus (tiger) |
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| Parts of the Hierachial classification(linaeous system) |
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Definition
Domain→Kingdom→Phylum→class→order→ family→ genus→ species
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| Named taxonomic unit at any level of hierachy |
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| Branching diagram that represents the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. |
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| A layer of rock formed when new layers compress older ones. |
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| points on phylogenetic tree that depicts relationship as a dichotomy(two-way) |
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| groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor |
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| branch points from which more than two descendant groups come |
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| __________ is another name for analogous structures. |
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| clade that includes one ancestor and all its descendants |
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Clade consists of one ancestral species and only some of it's descendants
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| Clade consists of more than one ancestral species. |
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| Shared Ancestral Character |
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| character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon |
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| evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade |
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| Investigate the simplest explanation for the facts |
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| Uses DNA rules to come to a consequent explanation |
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