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| synthesize and secretes hormones into bloodstream |
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| secrete substances into ducts |
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| gland that responds to stress (ex. sweat glands) |
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| gland responsible for maintenance of body temperature (ex. sweat glands) |
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| synthesized into the rough ER & modified in the Golgi; cannot cross mem |
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| synthesized from cholesterol in smooth ER; hydrophobic = freely diffuse |
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– located below chest and release corticosteroids
• Glucocorticoids – RAISE blood GLUCOSE by promoting gluconeogenesis / ex cortisol and cortisone
• Mineralcorticoids – regulate PLASMA levels of Na+ and K+ / ex aldosterone causes active reabsorption of Na+ passive reabsorption of water – RAISES blood PRESSURE and VOLUME
• Cortical sex hormones – androgen |
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| epinephrine and norepinephrine increase conversion of glycogen to glucose => RAISE blood GLUCOSE and BMR / “fight or flight” |
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| synthesize direct hormones (PEG) and tropic hormones (FLAT) |
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have a direct effect
• Prolactin – stimulates milk production
• Endorphines – inhibit pain
• Growth Hormone (GH) – promotes bone and muscle growth |
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– stimulates other glands to secrete hormones
• FSH – causes maturation of follicles which secrete estrogen (females); maturation of seminiferous tubules (males)
• LH – stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum (females); stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone (males)
• ACTH – stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids/ *regulated by CRF
• TSH – stimulates thyroid gland to stimulate and release thyroid hormone |
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stores and releases peptide hormones oxytocin and ADH
• Oxytocin – increases strength of uterine contractions / milk secretion
• ADH – increases permeability of the nephron’s collecting duct to water |
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part of forebrain; regulate pituitary gland secretions
• GnRH – stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH
• ADH and oxytocin are synthesized here |
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bi lobed structure; secretes: thyroxin, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
• Thyroxin and Triiodothronine - necessary for growth & neurological development
• Calcitonin – TONES down Ca2+ by inhibiting its release from bones
• Disorders
o Achondroplasia = dwarfism = autosomal dominant
o Progeria = autosomal recessive = premature aging (ex. before age 10, has arthritis) |
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| synthesize and secrete PTH which increases Ca2+ by decreasing excretion of it in kidneys |
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– is both exocrine and endocrine organ
• Exocrine: cells that secrete digestive enzymes into small intestine via ducts
• Glucagon - protein + fat degradation, promotes gluconeogenesis and conversion of glycogen to glucose; RAISE blood GLUCOSE; alpha cells
• Insulin – stimulates uptake of blood glucose by muscle and adipose tissue/ LOWERS blood GLUCOSE/ lack of insulin = hyperglycemia; Beta cells |
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